Everything That Glitters Is Not Gold Essay - 1928 Words

Khalia Scott October 25, 2016 Research Paper Professor Bernardita Title Everything that glitters is not gold. To the naked eye, reality television is viewed as an â€Å"educational† yet entertaining view of different social, cultural, and behavioral aspects of different races. Reality television is a popular form of media that continues to manipulate society’s vision of social groups. As popular media sources expand, we see an increased growth of the strengthening of racial prejudices and stereotypes. Black women have had little representation in major media sources until recent years. Love Hip-Hop is one of the few shows that tries to capture the daily life of everyday African American women for entertainment purposes. Despite its surface level benefits of entertainment, it contributes to the misrepresentation of African American women in society and to the systematic efforts of domination of the race. According, to Marci Littlefield’s â€Å"historically, the media perpetuates ideas about race and ethnicity that places African American women at a clear disadvantage† (Littlefield675). These ideas range from sexual notions and other â€Å"oppressive manners [that] date back to slavery†). America has had a vast craving of exploring the unknown and trying to learn and interpret different cultures. Although the concept of race is constantly changing and currently is viewed as a state that does not have any biological meaning, it is constantly a crucial part in African American women’s lives,Show MoreRelatedEverything That Glitters Is Not Gold: The Negative Effects of Technology828 Words   |  3 PagesEverything That Glitters Is Not Gold The rapid evolution of technology is destroying the need for fundamental skills and drastically changing the lifestyles of humans. Technology of the 21st century is full of ground-breaking innovations. 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Mcdonals Kotlers Changes - 4578 Words

McDonald’s Strive for a Healthier Image by Means of Organizational Change Students: | I.D: | Merav Lezmy (Faber) | 302917042 | Yona Golran | 000799000 | Rotem Shayovitch | 302264635 | Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 1) Choosing the Organization 3 2) McDonald’s Area of Expertise 3 3) McDonald’s Customer’s 4 4) McDonald’s as a Company 4 McDonald’s Transformation 5 Kotter’s 8 Steps to Organizational Transformation within McDonald’s 6 1) Creating a Sense of Urgency 6 2) Forming a Powerful Guiding Coalition 7 3) Creating a Vision 8 4) Communicating the Vision 8 5) Empowering Others to Act on the Vision 9 6) Planning For and Creating Short-Term Wins 10 7) Consolidating Improvements†¦show more content†¦2) McDonald’s Area of Expertise The McDonald’s corporation is the largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants in the world. It is the leading global foodservice retailor with more than 35,000 chains of restaurants serving nearly 70 million people in 119 countries every day, while employing 1.8 million workers. McDonald’s primarily sell their famous hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, coffee, milkshakes and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes and growing health concerns (which we will address), the company expanded their menu to include items such as salads, fish, wraps, smoothies and fruit. Globalization has allowed McDonald’s to serve their dominant original menu, while various countries have expanded this menu and added regional market foods to the menu. For example, here in Israel, most McDonald’s chains are Kosher and it is easy to spot domestic foods while taking a quick glance at the menu. These foods include pita and f alafel. In China the menu will include many meals with rice, and in India on the other hand, because of the religious prohibition of beef consumption, the menu will be strictly dairy. 3) McDonald’s Customer’s When entering a McDonald’s chain, one can find costumers from all segments of the population. They include anywhere from young children to elderly, every race and religion, and of all kinds of economic backgrounds. The chain has gained great popularity by focusing

The Early Purges Woodchucks Free Essays

string(72) " Finally tone is a technique used in both poems, but in different ways\." If asked how one feels about animals, most people wouldn’t have a definite feeling one way or another. However, when an animal starts invading their lives and homes, a feeling of strong distaste emerges. Many would not think anything of killing a rodent or insect that started taking over their home; however most people wouldn’t kill a domesticated animal because it is taking up too much room or eating too much food. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Purges Woodchucks or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, killing a domesticated animal, such as a dog or cat, today could result in jail. In the poems, â€Å"Woodchucks† by Maxine Kumin, and â€Å"The Early Purges† by Seamus Heaney, two drastic examples of killing an animal is discussed. Although both of these poems discuss the killing of animals; one is about the extermination of â€Å"pests† and the other is the killing of a family pet. Both poems tell a story of killing an animal; however, they are told from different perspectives. The following is a comparison of each of these poems and discusses how even though the narrators share a common bond; their story is very different because of their point of view, style in telling the story, and tone in describing the killings. Poets use different points of view depending on how they want their audience to react to a certain poem. In the poem â€Å"Woodchucks†, the audience sees the poem through the eyes of the killer as the events are occurring. This allows the audience to have a better understanding of the events leading up to the killings and exactly how the killings occurred. The poet says, â€Å"Now drew a bead on the littlest woodchuck’s face† (Line 17), and â€Å"Ten minutes later I dropped the mother† (Line 19). The poet describes the actions of the woodchucks as they are happening as well this is seen when she says, â€Å"Next morning they turned up again, no worse† (Line 7), and â€Å"They brought down the marigolds as a matter of course and then took over the vegetable patch nipping the broccoli shoots, beheading the carrots† (Lines10-12). Because the events are being told in present tense by the killer, the reader is able to identify her actions and have an understanding for her justification; to save her garden and vegetables. Unlike â€Å"Woodchuck†, Heaney’s poem is told from the perspective of an adult looking back on an event that occurred in his childhood. In Heaney’s poem â€Å"The Early Purges†, an adult recalls a vivid childhood memory of kittens being drowned. In the very beginning of the poem he starts out by saying, â€Å"I was six when I first saw a kitten drown† (Line 1). Although the story is being told by adult, the reader can envision a six year old witnessing this tragic event. He remembers feeling as a child that this was a cruel punishment for the kittens, and states, â€Å"Suddenly frightened, for days I sadly hung Round the yard, watching the three sogged remains turn mealy and crisp as old summer dung† (Lines 10-12). Towards the end of the poem, the narrator, now an adult, has changed his attitude toward the killing of animals. Even though there is no other reason for killing them than to get them out of the way, he acts if killing any animal is warranted. This is seen when the poet says, â€Å"And now, when shrill pups are prodded to drown I just shrug, ‘Bloody Pups’† (Lines 16-18). All the sadness and pain he once felt is gone. The people and storyline in this poem is very different from those in â€Å"Woodchucks†, where the killing of the woodchucks was necessary to stop them from eating the garden. Here, there is no reason given that can justify the killing of the kittens and the only understanding is how the narrator was changed as a person by being a witness to the drownings. Every poet has their own style in the way they compose their work. Both, Kumin and Heaney share the same approach by telling a story within their poem. Although both of their stories are about killing animals, the way in which they tell it leaves a different feeling for the animals and their killers. In â€Å"Woodchucks†, the narrator takes the readers through her thought process; first, killing the woodchucks becomes her goal; she even dreams about it, â€Å"I dream I sight along the barrel in my sleep† (Lines 27-28). This shows that she can’t stop thinking about it until she gets them. Then, she justifies her actions, â€Å"The case we had against them was airtight† (Line 4). By saying that they had a strong case against these animals, and that this was just the consequence of the woodchuck’s actions. The poet also talks about how the woodchucks are â€Å"taking the food from our mouths† (Line 13). Finally, her guilty conscience arises â€Å"If only they’d all consented to die unseen gassed underground the quiet Nazi way† (Lines 29-30). These last two lines show her guilt and how she wishes they had died when she tried gassing them so she wouldn’t feel as guilty. If they had died this way she would have not seen their faces when she killed them so it would have been less personal, but because she shot them one by one she saw each of their faces. In â€Å"The Early Purges† the setting of the farm allows for these differences to become apparent. When the narrator was younger he was exposed to these things. Although he did not agree with them, and he was frightened his exposure was a critical role in how he later justified his actions. When Dan Taggert said, â€Å"Sure isn’t it better for them now? † (Line 7). The child hearing this began to lose his innocence by witnessing the event and hearing that this action was acceptable, which leads him away from childhood and into adulthood where the poet used the farm to explain that, â€Å"on well-run farms pests must be kept down† (Line 21). This is the answer that the child that is now grown and no longer innocent gives to justify his actions in harming animals. Finally tone is a technique used in both poems, but in different ways. You read "The Early Purges Woodchucks" in category "Papers" In â€Å"Woodchucks† through her use of tone, the reader can observe a change in her attitude from one stanza to the next. The poet is pestered by woodchucks that are destroying her garden. The first stanza sets the story by saying, â€Å"Gassing the woodchucks didn’t turn out right† (Line 1). Kumin says the â€Å"knockout bomb† that she purchased was â€Å"featured as merciful, quick at the bone† (line 4). This shows that she hoped the gas would be a quick and easy solution to her woodchuck problem. Even though she was able to create an â€Å"airtight† seal on both exits of the underground tunnels, the gas was ineffective because the woodchucks â€Å"had a sub-sub basement out of range† (Line 6). The second stanza describes how the problems still persists and the woodchucks are back â€Å"taking over the vegetable patch nipping broccoli shoots, and beheading the carrots† (Lines 11-12). This shows that it has now become a personal war between her and the woodchucks because they are taking what is hers. In the third stanza she describes herself as a â€Å"pacifist fallen from grace† (Line 15). Which shows her killer instinct is taking over and because of this in the fourth stanza she shoots a mother woodchuck. In â€Å"The Early Purges†, the tone changes throughout the poem as well. The poet starts off as an innocent young child who thinks that the killing of these animals is cruel. This is seen after he witnesses a kitten being killed he says, â€Å"Suddenly frightened, for days I sadly hung Round the yard, watching the three sogged remains Turn mealy and crisp as old summer dung† (Lines 10-12). He sees this as wrong, but he is only a child and can do nothing to change what has happened. Finally he forgets what he has witnessed, but is frightened once again when he see Dan Taggert killing other animals with other cruel punishments. As the poem continues he is now an adult, and from having experienced all these punishments he has now learned to push his feelings aside this is seen when he says, â€Å"And now, when shrill pups are prodded to drown I just shrug, ‘Bloody pups’† (Line 18). He now has no feeling when he sees animals being killed because he has grown up being shown that this was common and acceptable in society. The tone of a poem also has a major impact on how the reader interprets the poet’s work. The use of adjectives, sarcasm and comparisons within the poem creates the mood for the story they are telling. In â€Å"Woodchucks† the tone varies from one stanza to the next. Within the first stanza, it is obvious that she is frustrated by the pestering woodchucks that are destroying her garden. She starts off by saying, â€Å"Gassing the woodchucks didn’t turn out right† (Line 1). Kumin says the â€Å"knockout bomb† that she purchased was â€Å"featured as merciful, quick at the bone† (line 4). She is obviously annoyed that the gas, which she thought would be a quick and easy solution to her woodchuck problem, failed even though she was able to create an â€Å"airtight† seal on both exits of the underground tunnels. In the second stanza she describes how the problems still persists and the woodchucks are back â€Å"taking over the vegetable patch nipping broccoli shoots, and beheading the carrots† (Lines 11-12). Her frustration has turned into anger and she now has a personal war between her and the woodchucks because they are taking what is hers. In the third stanza she describes herself as a â€Å"pacifist fallen from grace† (Line 15). Her killer instinct has taken over any guilty conscious she may have felt once she shoots a mother woodchuck as described in the fourth stanza. Through out the poem, her audience can relate to her frustration as well as to her guilty conscious. Like â€Å"Woodchucks, in â€Å"The Early Purges†, the tone changes throughout the poem as well, except that it covers a large time period rather than a couple of days. The poet starts off as an innocent young child who thinks that the killing of these animals is cruel. This is seen after he witnesses a kitten being killed intentionally. He describes feeling at the moment in the stanza, â€Å"Suddenly frightened, for days I sadly hung round the yard, watching the three sogged remains turn mealy and crisp as old summer dung† (Lines 10-12). He sees this as wrong, but he is only a child and can do nothing to change what has happened. Finally he forgets what he has witnessed, but is frightened once again when he see Dan Taggert killing other animals with other cruel punishments. As the poem continues he is now an adult, and from having experienced all these punishments he has now learned to push his feelings aside this is seen when he says, â€Å"And now, when shrill pups are prodded to drown I just shrug, ‘Bloody pups’† (Line 18). He now has no feeling when he sees animals being killed because he has grown up being shown that this was common and acceptable in society. Unlike the poem, â€Å"Woodchucks†, the tone of this poem is depressing as it includes the mind and heart of a child and how he was forever impacted by seeing the drowning. Further, there was no explanation for the killing except that it was a way of life, which offers little justification. At least in â€Å"Woodchucks†, there was a purpose and failed efforts of controlling the problem before she killed them. The authors’ stories in the poems, â€Å"Woodchucks† and â€Å"The Early Purges† are very different from each other even though they are both about killing an animal. In â€Å"Woodchucks† it is understandable why she had to kill the woodchucks as they were destroying her garden and eating her food. After other attempts, she was left with no choice. It is easy to feel compassion for her as even though she started acquiring a killer instinct, she felt guilty and remorse that it had come to her shooting them. In â€Å"The Early Purges†, there is more of a focus on the impacts the killing had on a child. Because there was no justification given for the killings it affected the narrator’s mind and emotional well being. He became hardened after witnessing the killing of family pets. Through each of the pieces of work, the style and tone of the poems was very different as they were from different perspectives. In â€Å"Woodchucks† the audience gets the story from the killer, herself, which provides more details in the process and in her thoughts. Whereas, in â€Å"The Early Purges†, the audience is left without answers and a rationale and instead are left wondering and pondering just like the narrator. How to cite The Early Purges Woodchucks, Papers

Exploring Sociocentric and Egocentric Approaches

Question: Describe about the Exploring Sociocentric and Egocentric Approaches for Social Network Analysis? Answer: Discussion Topic 1: a) In our everyday life we use several sentences or hear someone using a phrase that are normally accepted beliefs and are considered as fallacy. By fallacy we mean that the belief is wrong or it is false. It can be said that, a fallacy is referred to logically weak argument appeal which is not a statement or belief which is widely used and is successful. It can be said that an informal fallacy is an argument which is persuasive enough but the statement is logically weak. By this it can be said by making a fallacious argument a bad statement can well be accepted as well. In this case it can be seen that the author has made several informal fallacies in the passage. He has said that cheating has been an element of interaction of the human beings from a very early age. He even pointed out the case of a professor called Harry Goodman who has raised issues of cheating in the education as a punishable offence. He made the statements so true that it seemed he has made the correct statements. The author has stated that the professor has a made a wrong statement in the fact that he lacks credibility and he should not make such a comment when he himself is getting divorced from his wife due to cheating on her. It can be thus said that the author made us believe that the professor has made a false statement. He even said that great people like Bill Gates and Mahatma Gandhi have even cheated in tests at some point or the other in their lives. One of my friends has said that the author has made a wrong statement and said that the professor was right in his decision that cheating should be dealt with severely in the educational institutions, but according to me the author has made a fallacious statement and the statements are correct to the fact the a little lying can cause no harm to the people and in turn can sometimes do help to someone, or even save some one from falling to a serious danger. b) It can be seen in the above that the author of the passage has made a fallacious statement. The author has not made fallacies of insufficient evidence as the author has given enough evidence to support his statement. It can be said from the first example that the author have tried to give an example that the statement made by him are not fallacious. In this example it was seen according to the author that in a Gallup poll conducted across several cities in the world, it was seen that 80% of the respondent reported of cheating in t he tests, while, 75% of the respondents said that they have no fears of doing it again. Thus the professor is on the minority side of the vote that the cheating in the education should be dealt with severe punishment. In the next example it is also seen that the author has given enough evidence to support his facts. He said that the professor is on the board of SUBM-IT which is a financially lucrative business that sells software which can be used to detect the plagiarism in the projects made by the students. The author has said that the professor has raised the issue of the cheating in the education so that his own business can be profited and he can gain personally. Thus it can be seen from the above examples that the author has given enough supportive data and information that has made the statements non-fallacious. When I discussed the information about the supporting data, then he was of the opinion that the author was successful in making a fallacious statement and by giving the supporting evidences he was able to make the argument non-fallacious. Discussion Topic 2: a) When I have enrolled for the course I have always thought the education makes a man. It can be said that I have always thought that by receiving education and lots of education a man can become successful in their life. By studying hard for a certain period of the lives the people are able to establish themselves successfully in their life. b) From my very childhood I have seen that the people around me are very much educated and they are successful in their lives. They have always held good jobs and were always respected in their family and in their work cultures. Even in my family I have seen that my uncle was always respected in his work place since he was very educated. He has always worked very hard in his life to achieve the success and has maintained the position well in his organization. The belief originated from my personal experience and from the influence of my family. It can be said that the by education a man not only becomes knowledgeable but he also has the capability to impart the knowledge which can enhance the personality of the individual and also his knowledge. c) People who are successful in their lives are due to the knowledge that one gains during his lifetime. Knowledge not only means that the person gain it from the formal education of his schools and colleges. Education can come in any form and by several ways. A person who has never attended the school may be a good human being if he has the right education from his family and from his friends. The environment in which a person has been raised, and the teachings from the family, is essential source of education to a person. d) I think that my belief is sociocentrism because it has been influenced by the people around me. I have been greatly influenced by the persons around me, my family, the society at large also has helped me in shaping my belief that education makes a man or shapes up the characteristic as well as the future of the individual. References: Engel, S. Morris.With Good Reason. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. Print. Exploring Sociocentric and Egocentric Approaches for Social Network Analysis. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/engineering/it/~info4990 /2006/papers/HossainKMAP.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Homes.chass.utoronto.ca, (2015).The Egocentric and Sociocentric Self. [online] Available at: https://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~oflahert/ANT325/Overheads /selfhood.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. INFORMAL FALLACIES. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www2.hawaii.edu/~pine/EL/chapt4-EL-am.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Introduction to Informal Fallacies. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www3.dbu.edu/naugle/pdf/2302_handouts/informal_fallacies_intro.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Myers, David G.Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers, 2004. Print. Walton, Douglas N.Informal Logic. Leiden: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.

Jeffersons Party Essays - Conservatism In The United States

Jefferson's Party The view that many believe while studying our country's political history is the Federalist Party was a dedicated supporter of a strong central government. They believed that the Constitution was a document that needed to be molded and amended in order to meet the needs of the country. The traditional view of the Democratic- Republican party is that they support state's rights and feel that most of the governing of the country should be done on the state level. The Democratic- Republicans, or Jeffersonian Republicans, also believed in reading the Constitution fundamentally and grant the government powers that were addressed in the document. These views are the basic principals that each of parties are based upon. It can be seen in Jefferson's statement to Gideon Granger that it, ?is surely best that the states are independent and to everything within themselves, and united as to everything respecting foreign nations.? Contrary to traditional characterization of both the Federalist and Democratic Republican parties, politicians would break away from the conventional party platforms and support issues that they felt strongly about. For instance, Daniel Webster, a Federalist from New Hampshire spoke out against an overly aggressive government with the issues regarding drafting citizens into the military. The typical Federalist would feel that a draft was necessary in order to defend the country, and although the Constitution did not specifically address the situation, amendments should be made for our national interest. Jefferson himself was a prime example of an idealistic politician who put the good of the country over his Republican values. The Louisiana Purchase was performed in a manner with which many conventional Democratic Republicans would argue against. Jefferson bent and shaped the Constitution into a document that allowed him to double the size of the country. He was willing to compromise with his original values in order to improve and fortify America. Jefferson told Samuel Kercheval, ?Some men look a constitutions with sanctimonious reverence?..to sacred to be touched. But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind.? The powerful statements made by Jefferson, Webster and many other politicians prove that it is often necessary to compromise individual ideas for the good of an entire country. This basis of compromise is the true foundation of our government and our history.

Racism, a short story Essays

Racism, a short story Essays Racism, a short story Essay Racism, a short story Essay Racism, a short storywhich will forever haunt me on my ill-fated childhood. I try to pay no heed to the physical beating but more to the emotional distress I was unjustly forced upon. The colour of my skin alienated me from my students; as a result of this I had no friends, no one to look up to or even to care for. It was the time when I needed it the most, the foundation of my upbringing which would steer me on the righteous road to adulthood.My first and only school report read: A hard worker. Malkir is a determined student with a passion to succeed. He has built up an encouraging reputation and we are glad to accept him as a new member of our school community. Something so simple made me feel so good. My dad smiled, looked at me and said he was proud. It sounds silly but I had butterflies in the pit of my stomach. I hadnt felt this good since I won the spelling test in primary school.My parents always said that I was special and everyone would value me for who I am, like Allah does, but evidently life doesnt happen that way. Who is this God I worship? I devote my life, praying to my faith, all for this! Last Thursday it got to the point of no return. When I came home with a scratch from my forehead to my lower neck my parents said, I dont want you to let anyone hurt you anymore.Stupid, stupid religion. Where is God when I need him the most? I had been in the toilets for about fifteen minutes now trying to get Jamies voice out of my head, but to no avail. The words echoed and imprisoned my autonomy. Oh Ill get you boy you can be sure of that, Ill get you. On the brink of collapsing, I whispered Allahu Akbar. I could now feel my parents circulating me, as if their strength were my silhouette, a nebulous barrier without substance. As I felt this sense of security, I cautiously strolled to the lunch hall. I wasnt even hungry; I just used it as a way to extricate my thoughts from reality.As the bell rang for the beginning of the fourth per iod I ran through the Lonsdale corridor in hope I could evade the year elevens who refer to me as the the terrorist or Bin Laden. Some would see this as a false hope as I will have to go all the way around the gym where they will be smoking their cigarettes. I covered my eyes with the whole of my palm, please G..ggod.-He has asked me why but to be honest, I dont really know myself; its just a sort of ego boost. He has done nothing to merit what the lads and I do to him, well apart from him being black, and to be honest that is suffice to beat him up. He is one of the few black kids in the school thankfully. Cos hes in our year we can just get away with saying it was a fight and not racism. Notihng would happen anyway, everyone hates black people. I dont really believe in karma, well, if it were true, Im sure I would be a cripple by now.There was one time where I truly believe we all overstepped the mark. He was swiftly jogging past the gym, for once it looked like he had a purpose, but it was most likely just to avoid us. We were all drinking, it was a Thursday and it was Adrians turn to get the vodka. I felt slightly dizzy but I was probably able to come to my senses for next lesson. Jay on the other hand was completely wrecked. He walked, or should I say stumbled over to the black kid only to find him breaking down in tears holding his new phone out saying just take it, I cant handle this anymore. I thought this was slightly exaggerating; we would have probably pushed him about, thats all. The whole group laughed, apart from me. I felt some form of remorse; it was though I could feel my ego sadistically thrashing against my stomach lining. It was like butterflies but the sensation wasnt a reassuring one, trust me.His rigid body lay there innocently as a constant reminder of what just happened. Although the attack wasnt anything more severe than the others, we just all seemed to know something was wrong. In this cataclysm our senses seemed to enhance. It was then an awkward silence, to say the least, broke out and everyone could vividly feel the gentle breeze of the wind brush their cheek. The colossal surroundings were as still as a flower but enclosed us on the scene. Not a single word passed, we all stood there impassive and in denial about the travesty that emerged out of nowhere.It took about four minutes for the punctual ambulance to arrive. The fusion of chaotic sirens and blue lights added to the pandemonium. It was then we all knew, even a professional couldnt hold back that poignant face of despondency. Putting it in terms we can relate with, the doctors compared the likes of Mals death to that of Anne Franks. People without the will to live seem to fade away at the most optimistic of times He just gave up on life. Immediately the thought of my dead brother erupted into my head and was so indomitable I wasnt able to think about anything else. A shadow of shame engulfed me internally. Im not a murderer, I didnt do it my conscie nce whispered but screamed at the same time I broke down, please G..ggod.Malkir Sudah, may Allah bless over you and rain down his love from the kingdom of paradise. Although you were wrongly taken from this world, we hope its to a better place. You were of paramount importance to this family Mal, and there is an eerie silence in your absence. We will continue to obey and follow in the footsteps of the virtuous prophet Muhammed, peace be upon him. Gods love was flourished into every being of mankind, including that of the boys who stole your life. Allahu Akbar.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Economics - Essay Example Thus, the latter region displays a greater degree of price elasticity of demand. It is due to the conjunction of both kinds of goods – luxury and regular, within the same consumption basket that the price elasticity of demand in this case has been evaluated as close to unity. A probable solution to the problem could be to segregate the consumption baskets for two types of commodities. However, the prime issue is that Guam does not even have a proper consumption basket on the basis if which CPI could be measured properly. This might also lead to a miscalculation of the actual price elasticity of demand. 3. The income elasticity of demand had been found to be more influential than price elasticity. The Japanese are found to be highly sensitive to fluctuations in their levels of income rather than the price level ruling over the region where they are touring. For instance, the numbers of visits by Japanese tourists were lowered during periods of recession prevailing in Japan. How ever, the demand for ultra-expensive luxury and branded items being sold in Tumon, the prime tourist centre in Guam was little affected by a slight change in the price of commodities. On the other hand, the discount kiosks in Guam’s K-Mart attracted more and more number of tourists though the nature of demand fluctuated over time. It rather seemed that a rise in the level of prices for discounted commodities led to a sharp fall in the demand for the same, while the demand for ultra-expensive luxury items were found to be quite inelastic in nature. The prime reason could be presumed to be that the demand for the former commodities comes from tourists belonging to a relatively lower income bracket while that for the... This paper approves that the Japanese are found to be highly sensitive to fluctuations in their levels of income rather than the price level ruling over the region where they are touring. For instance, the numbers of visits by Japanese tourists were lowered during periods of recession prevailing in Japan. However, the demand for ultra-expensive luxury and branded items being sold in Tumon, the prime tourist centre in Guam was little affected by a slight change in the price of commodities. China had maintained a closed door strategy since long which prohibited both foreign tourists from visiting the nation and domestic nationals to involve in outbound travels. However such a stance has taken a toll in the nation’s development strategies as the country realised its shortage of ample foreign resources to support its strategy. Hence, the national government chose to open up to foreign tourists who bring foreign exchange reserves to the national treasury. This essay makes a conclusion that tourism today is considered as a part of international trade and is often compared with exports that an economy is involved in. This is because tourism results to an accumulation of foreign exchange reserves within a nation thus propping it up to participate in other economic activities. Hence, China has been acting upon to enhance its trade ties with other nations. This is because better the participation of a nation in trade with its peers more will its popularity grow opening up its chances to attract more tourists.

Asda and Tesco - Restructuring to reflect multichannel markets Coursework

Asda and Tesco - Restructuring to reflect multichannel markets - Coursework Example adership, it is still not clear on the nature of leadership and how it relates to other variables including performance satisfaction and commitment of the employees. Moreover, there is a difference between leadership and management. A manager involves him or herself in planning, organization, staffing, controlling, and directing (Rumsey 2013). Leadership, on the other hand is more concerned with influence. One may be a manager but fail to be an effective leader. The ability of a leader to influence others is based on various factors, which if well followed would lead to the achievement of the goals and objectives of an organization. There are various theories that have led to the development and influence on the leadership and management business environment in the 21st century. They include: George Graen introduced this theory back in the year 1970 together with his various colleagues (Rhodes & Hart 2014). However, the theory have been adequately revised and changed in the subsequent years since 1970. It focuses in trying to determine the type of relationship existing between the leader and the subordinate staff thus coming up with effective outcomes. As a result, it is able to determine whether the leader and the subordinates will be in a position to develop good working relations that will ensure that the organization achieves its desired goals (Riggio & Harvey 2011). Though the leader treats the subordinates differently according to the relationships they have and the job performance. The leaders establish close relations with some leaders while fail to do so with other subordinates. Those with close relations with the leader have relationships build on trust and mutual respect. They are always involved in important decision making of the organization. As a result, they are well motivated and that matches up with their job-performance. Those employees who the leaders are not so close with are always left out of decision making of the organization. As a

Personal Statement about Elctronics engineering Essay

Personal Statement about Elctronics engineering - Essay Example The hope to develop a capacity to assemble electrical components into a device for constructive application such as processing and transmission of information has for example encouraged me to study electronics engineering. I also look forward to undertake a future research into innovation of a cheaper and more efficient radio waves transmission device. Application of ‘active electrical components’ for completing circuits into electrical applications is what interests me the most in the course because it exhibits capacity to power appliances. This interest encouraged me to participate in voluntary work in an electronics company in my locality where I gained knowledge and skills in identification and testing of electronic components, and basic connectivity of appliances. Electronics engineering also directly fits into my career, being an electrical engineer, as it is a recognized academic qualification into the profession. I desire to pursue my course in the UK because of the international recognition of its universities for quality education that will give me an advantage in the international job market. I would also like to assure the faculty that I have made necessary arrangements for finances to facilitate my uninterrupted study. Besides my academic interest in your institution, I am likely to add to the institution’s competitiveness through participation in football and swimming competitions since these are my developed and refined hobbies. Portsmouth 2012, Advice on personal statements, Portsmouth, United Kingdom, viewed 17 June 2012, < http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/studentsupport/international/howtoapply/adviceonpersonalstatements/

Difficulties of Cost Control in Construction Industry

Difficulties of Cost Control in Construction Industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement: In every industry, cost control is a must in order to make sure that a project or production can make maximum profit or to make sure that the budget of a project does not burst. Locally, the actual costs of development of a project will normally being higher than necessary. In order to have an effective cost control in construction industry, it is necessary for us to determine the difficulties of cost control and to identify the factors contribute to the cost control difficulties in a project in order to overcome the difficulties or to avoid those factors that may cause difficulties to cost control of a construction project during construction stage, thus to have an effective cost control for the construction project and complete the project within the budget or under budget. 1.2 Aim and Objective: The aim of this paper is to study the difficulties of cost control in construction industry during the construction stage. In order to achieve the study of aim, some objectives have been established as below: To ascertain the importance of applying cost control in local construction industry. To highlight the cost control difficulties in local construction firm during the construction stage. To investigate the factors contributing to cost control difficulties in local construction firm during construction stage. 1.3 Background: Cost control is a process that should be continued throughout the project life cycle of a project. In construction industry, cost control should be continued from the inception of the project until the completion of the project to ensure that the cost of the construction project is kept within the agreed cost limits. For cost control of construction industry, it can be divided into two major stages; the control of cost during design stages and the control of cost by construction firm right after the commencement of the construction work of the construction project. According to Ashworth (2004), cost and schedule control is one of the most important functions of management once a project is identified. Cost control is paramount during the feasibility and design phases because a projects feasibility is normally tied to the cost of a project. Besides that, cost control during the construction phase can be paramount for large projects due to their potentially high construction cost and profiles. As mentioned by Nunnally (1998), the measuring and collecting the cost record of a project and the work progress are included in the cost control of a project. Besides that, the comparison of actual progress with the planning is also involved. The main purpose of cost control of a project is to gain maximum profit within the designated period and satisfactory quality of work. According to Pilcher (1994), he defined cost control as the regulation, by executive action, of the cost of carrying out the various activities which go to make up a project or a contract. The regulation (for cost control) designed for a specific industry will need a major modification if it is used in other industry because of the different nature or the business. He also said that for all construction projects, costs must be controlled and monitored from all the parties involved including client, consultants and contractor. This study will mainly focus on the difficulties of applying cost control during construction stage. That is because of in my opinion, what is needed in a cost control methodology is to proactively seeks out potential difficulties and factors contributed to those difficulties and provides project managers with as much warning as possible before their occurrence. This study provides a milestone for construction firm in the factors that likely to causes the difficulty in cost control. 1.4 Scope of Study: Cost Control is commonly used in every industry and almost in every project, the study will only focused on cost control difficulties of construction industry or a construction project during the construction stage. This study will ascertain the importance and the use of applying cost control in local construction industry. Besides that, the difficulties in applying cost control during construction stage also falls within the scope of this study. After highlighting the difficulties theoretically, an interview will be conducted with experienced Contract Executive or Contact Manager or Project Manager to determine the difficulties of cost control during construction stage practically. Finally, after understanding the difficulties of cost control during construction stage, the factors contributing to cost control difficulties during construction stage will also be highlighted. 1.5 Research Methodology The study is conducting in three stages. First stage is literature review. The literature review will started with the introduction to cost control. In the introduction to cost control, the definition of cost control will be reviewed and the literature will also review the importance of cost control in construction industry. Moreover, the literature also will review the difficulties of applying cost control during construction stage. Furthermore, articles and notes about the cost control difficulties will be searched. All literature will be review deeply by referring the previous research paper, article, journal and etc. These sources can all be found in Google, Emerald, Yahoo and from the library of College Tunku Abdul Rahman. At second stage, an interview will be conducted with experienced Contract Executive or Contracts Manager or Project Manager face-to-face to obtain the information about their current practices in cost control system of their company, the practical difficulties and factors contributing to the difficulties in cost control will be identified by the Contract Executive or Contract Manager or Project Manager. The chosen Contract Executive or Contract Manager or Project Manager must be experienced enough in cost management of construction industry and willing to provide valuable information regarding the research topic. Last stage is writing up the content of the dissertation and the information obtained during the interview will be analyse and compare with the theoretical information. Conclusion of this study should be the result of the comparison between the practical and theoretical difficulties during cost control of construction stage faced by the contractor. 1.6 Benefits of Study By conducting this study, it allows me to have a rough idea on the Cost Control system. Completing this study also gives me a better understanding regarding the purposes and importance of Cost Control. Besides that, it also provides me with better perception regarding the difficulties during the application of Cost Control during construction stage. Furthermore, the interview conducted with the experienced Personnel will definitely allow me to review the current practices of Cost Control in the construction industry. 1.7 Dissertation Organisation Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Cost Control Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology Chapter 4: Analysis of the Result and Discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion CHAPTER 2: COST CONTROL 2.1 Introduction to Cost Control 2.1.1 Definition The term Cost is defined by Dictionary.com (an application of iPod Touch) as the price paid to acquire, produce, accomplish, or maintain anything. Whereas the term Control in Dictionary.com, it defines Control as the act or power of controlling; regulation; domination or command. For construction industry, the term Cost should be referred to the amount paid by a party; either a person or a corporation, to another party; normally a contractor, either to construct a complete building or a particular section of a building. And for the term Control in construction industry, it should be referred to an official mean of regulation or restraint in the management of the project. According to Marchesan and Formoso (n. d.), the combination of the term Cost and Control should be defined as the application of procedures that result in early illumination of potential changes in resource requirements and in the timely surveillance of the usage of funds to permit action that will keep cost within a predetermined range. While for the other definition of Cost Control, we can refer to Ashworth (2004), he defined Cost Control as a process of planning, checking and verifying project expenditure based on established standards and taking the necessary corrective action to ensure that the total project expenditure is approximately to the estimated budget. While according to Ritz (1994), he stated that Cost Control gives a different meaning to a different people. Some people engage it with engineering costs; some states that it is a cost report, value engineering, cost management etc. Cost Control involves all the activities above in different time by different parties and all the parties involved in a project will have their own responsibilities and roles in cost minimization and Cost Control. Other than that, Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyor Committee defined Cost Control as the total proves which ensures that the contract sum is within the clients approved budget or cost limit. Further definition can refer to Mueller (1986), he stated that the cost control is the ability to influence the final cost of project positively with modifying negative performance trends. In addition, Kwayke (1997) defined Cost Control as a process where construction cost of a project is manage with the best method and systematic approach in order that the contractor would not suffer losses during the execution of the activities of the project and the cost of construction of a project would not be over-estimated by the developer. By concluding all the definition mentioned above, Cost Control in construction industry should be the application of procedures or regulation during the construction project life cycle to plan, check and verify the construction project expenditure based on the established procedures or regulations to ensure that the construction project expenditure is within the project budget, within given timeframe with quality specified and also to ensure that resources are used to best advantages or maximization of the profit for the construction project. 2.1.2 Statement of Facts in Cost Control As stated by Roger (2000), he said that Cost Control is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Cost Control is used in business to monitor, evaluate and the most important to increase the efficiency of specific areas within their operations. As for Nunnally (1998), he stated that cost control of a project involves measuring and collecting cost record and work progress of a project. Besides that, comparison of actual progress with the planning is also involved. He also mentioned that the main objective of Cost Control of a project is to maximize profit within the given timeframe and to achieve satisfactory quality of work. If the application of cost control is by a systematic procedure, it will result in ease of collection of important cost data in estimating and controlling of the cost of the coming projects in future. Kwakye (1997) states the main purpose in cost controlling for a construction project should be active controlling of final costs for owner, and not just to record and registering the payment. Cost Control Reports must be prepared for efficient Cost Control. The Cost Control Report is based on the cost data collected, it is important to project the costs in to future and to estimate or re-estimate the cost of the work yet to be completed. Amount of detail and the time interval between Cost Control Reports must be considered and the time interval is varied depends on the level of management for which they prepared the Reports for. For example, Cost Report should be received by site manager on weekly basis. Since the commencement of the contract, any new information must be taken into account and makes a suitable reporting system is important for a cost control system. According to Koh (2005), if an adequate reporting system is used, the estimator would become more reluctant in the future to use cost data that have been fed back from the site and granting the estimator some time to determine sufficient detail about the data and conditions they acquired. In addition, Koh (2005) also suggested two areas to check whether the Cost Control reporting system is efficient or not. First is to check on the profitability of the work and second would be check on efficiency carried out against the standard of the output rates that were used by the estimator in compiling the estimate. 2.1.3 The Purposes and Importance of Cost Control One of the principal objectives of Cost Control for most project or organisation is the achievement of minimum cost for a particular project. Achievement of minimum cost is to maximize the profit and profit in simple terms is what is left after all the income accruing to the enterprise has been received and all of the costs or outgoings have been paid. For all construction projects, cost must be monitored and controlled, whether from the point of view of owner, designer or a contractor. It helps to distinguish the problems arise and understanding of the problems which occur in each phase of industry enables better co-ordination of the activities of the many participants in a single project (Pilcher, 1994). Besides that, according to Pilcher (1994), the importance of Cost Control is due largely to the following: To provide the relevant feedback, carefully qualified in detail by all the conditions under which the work has been carried out, to the estimator who is responsible for establishing the standards both historical and future; To provide the client with a value-for-money project. Example: To give the building client a building which is soundly constructed, of satisfactory appearance and well suited to perform the functions for which it is required, combined with economical construction layout. To provide data to assist in the valuation of those variations that will arise during the course of the work; To provide immediate warning of uneconomic operations, both in the long and the short term; To limit the clients expenditure to within the amount agreed. In simple terms this means that the tender sum and final account should approximately equate with the budget estimate. To achieve balanced design expenditure between the various elements of the buildings. Thus, the sums allocated to cladding, insulation, finishing, services and other elements of the building will be properly related to the class of building and to each other. To summarize progress. To promote cost consciousness; The contractor may ascertain the maximum income that they may receive according to the contract sum, then ascertain the initial cost expenditure, or provide detailed brief to his own construction team who will then determine the actual cost that may involved. But most schemes are a combination of these two extremes. There has in recent years been a great need for an understanding of construction economics and Cost Control, particularly during the construction stage of projects. As stated by Ashworth (2004), Cost Control also should serve the following purposes: The clients requirements today are more complex, a more effective system of control is therefore desirable during the construction stage up to the completion of final account and thereafter during costs-in-use. There has been a trend towards modern designs and new techniques, materials and methods of construction. The designer is able to choose from a far wider range of products and this has produced variety in construction. The traditional methods of estimating are unable to cope in these circumstances to achieve value for money and more balanced designs resulting that in the end the contractor may need to bear for extra cost due to the faulty design. Contractors profit margins have in real terms been reduced considerably during the past decade. This has resulted in their greater cost-consciousness in an attempt to redress possible losses. There is a general trend towards greater cost-effectiveness, and thus a need to examine construction costs not solely in the context of initial costs but in terms of whole-life costs, or total-cost appraisal. World recession has generally produced a shortage of funds for capital purposes and construction in general. This has been coupled with high inflation and interest charges, resulting in the costs of construction soaring to high levels. Although the relative costs compared with other commodities may be similar, the apparent high costs have resulted in greater caution, particularly on the part of contractor. 2.2 Difficulties of Applying Cost Control Procedures At present, serious problems exist in the cost control and management of construction project. For example, for some construction project, the design is earlier than the study of feasibility, which makes the later turn into useless. In bidding, some construction companies perform illegally, which makes the bidding fail to control project cost well. The popularization of assigned subcontracts and various subcontracts serve as potential threats for project quality. The delay for project payment, especially for workers wages, is serious. Some projects can not manage the changes of designs, construction companies fail to follow the designs completely, which may lead to larger costs for construction. Some construction companies emphasize on the control of quality and period but fail to control the cost. All these activities make the cost of construction project out of control in our country, which is harmful for the sustainable and healthy development of construction industry. Gao (2009) has stated that the following is the difficulties in Cost Control of construction stage. 2.2.1 Fail to Estimate the Project Exactly The project estimation is performed at the very beginning, namely in the study of feasibility. Present compilation of study of feasibility is lack of details. No effective items to control the number of project. The estimation has a lower preciseness. Besides, the study of feasibility has no necessary investigation. Some potential geological disasters can not be identified effectively, which leads to the rise of costs. Although some companies make details for implement, the effect is poor. In order to establish the project, some companies may reduce the number of project and decrease costs. 2.2.2 The Compilation of Project Budget Has Poor Reliability At the stage of design, the investigation is far from sufficient. Some fundamental materials for design are inexact. As a result, the design may be irrational and will be changed significantly in construction, which causes the poor reliability of budget. 2.2.3 Working Drawing Budget is Unpractical At the working drawing design stage, compile the project budget according to the design. The working drawing budget is to calculate the cost of design. The rationality of working drawing budget is about how to organize the construction and how to reach the design requirements by what kinds of methods, plus how to arrange the construction period, and how to manage workers and machines under different seasons, according to scientific designs. All these tasks are supposed to be arranged by construction companies. For design companies, to compile the budget is unpractical. 2.2.4 Do not Follow Basic Construction Procedures and Can not Control Costs For some projects, time is urgent. Therefore, the design is maybe imperfect. And the construction does not follow the basic procedures strictly. Sometimes, the study of feasibility turns into useless papers. As a result, the estimation and the budget can not control the project cost effectively. 2.2.5 Contract is not Managed Well Some developers neglect to manage contracts. They do not follow the terms written in contracts strictly. Besides, some developers can not calculate the cost of project quantities correctly. They are incapable of managing external workers effectively. 2.2.6 Irregular Management and Many Changes for Project Developers can not design properly and have to change the management methods. Or, the execution is weak. They can change the design as will. Then, the scale of project is increasing and the cost is rising. 2.2.7 Rise of Cost Due to Unreasonable Financing Structure At present, the funds for construction project in Malaysia are mainly from domestic loans, foreign funds, self-collected by construction companies, and other sources. Although financing ways are few and some are immature, limits are more. Sometimes, funds can not arrive in time. In order to insure the process of project, the construction companies have to apply loans from banks. Therefore, a large proportion of construction funds are from banks as loans. And the credit period is long and can not match with investment return. The characteristics of construction industry determine the lagged-behind investment return. One financing channel increases risks and costs, which leads to the accumulation of loan balance in banks, increasing construction costs and pressures for later in operation. 2.2.8 System is imperfect One of the factors that cause overspending is the management. Main items that cause overspending include management fees, compensation fees for removing, and supervision. Main reasons include: Lack of a perfect cost control system and can not manage and control the cost systematically, which makes it hard to identify the out-of-control of cost in time. Lack the idea of cost control and the constraint mechanism. Project managers are always focusing on quality and construction period, but not cost control. The absence of system makes the expenditure more irregular. No integrated standards for management fee are effective. Workers are more than necessary in construction companies. 2.3 Factors Contributing to the Difficulties of Cost Control 2.3.1 Control of labour cost The control of labour cost frequently causing much troubles to Cost Control because of the productivity of labour is variable and causing the difficulty to the estimating stage. Although experienced estimators have their own database of historic cost data, but these data can only ever be regarded as an average for a given trade and does not make allowance for particular circumstances. A prediction of how labour will perform in the future on a particular project must be incorporated into an estimate of cost. Site management is greatly affecting the labour efficiency and their productivity. It is important that all labour resources, either self-employed or employed as labour and materials sub-contractors, are fully supervised and co-ordinated, to ensure that the labour resources are efficiently organized and making best used of them. If the labour resources are not well organized, it may reduce the productivity of the labour and making cost of labour to be higher hence causing difficulties to Cost Control because the labour cost is different with the estimated cost. 2.3.2 Site Condition After the design of engineer, quantity surveyor will normally estimate the amount of the designed work, but due to the site condition is unpredictable, it cause the cost estimation is rather difficult. In many of the construction project, there are majority of unforeseen and differing site condition are found in subsurface work such as tunneling and foundation work, such situation can also arise in rehabilitation and restoration work, retrofitting to meet revised seismic codes and projects that improve energy efficiency. Where ground water level is close to the surface of the site, closely pumping operation may be needed throughout the substructure work. This unforeseen situation will increase the construction cost. A wet site may also involve raising temporary sheds and offices on brick bases and more costly temporary work. The cost of excavation in rock is much more expensive than working in normal ground. This type of strata will need to be examined and to determine what type of support is needed to the sides of excavation. All this will contribute to the difficulty in cost control when the construction method is carried out wrongly. 2.3.3 Location of site The cost of building on a site in a city could be much expensive than construct a similar building on a provincial site. This is due to higher wages, materials and other costs. For instance, a project on a remote location site may involve long lengths of temporary access road and of temporary power cable for electricity suppliers and increased costs of transporting operatives and materials to the site. A site in a congested central area of a city will give rise to major problem in delivery and storage of materials and equipment, protection of adjoining building, construction method to carry out substructure work, restriction on the use of mechanical plant and to the protection of the public. Overcoming these problem involve considerable additional cost and all these will considerably contribute to the difficulty in cost control. 2.3.4 Materials In some of the guides the cost of materials can be easily identified, and adjustment to the measured rate is therefore a simple process. Material prices often depend on contractor, location, quantity and discount and hence making the estimation process to be rather difficult. The materials wastage of site will also contribute to this because there will be difference between the actual amount used and the estimated amount used. 2.3.5 Overheads and profit In most case, during the estimation process, the amount of overheads and profit will normally just referred back to previous projects. But the amounts included in the published rates vary considerably. In some guides nothing has been allowed, and these expect the user to add an appropriate amount. In other information, up to 25% has been included on margins of 3%. In addition, overhead costs have generally been reduced in order to keep costs to an absolute minimum, while seeking to maintain the required workload. Builders will therefore need to access their own percentage and adjust this according to that quoted. Surveyors, in attempting to predict tender values, will also need to take this into account in their approximate estimate. 2.4 Chapter Summary Cost Control in construction industry should be the application of procedures or regulation during the construction project life cycle to plan, check and verify the construction project expenditure based on the established procedures or regulations to ensure that the construction project expenditure is within the project budget, within given timeframe with quality specified and also to ensure that resources are used to best advantages or maximization of the profit for the construction project. Cost Control need to serves the purposes like to provide the relevant feedback, to provide the client with a value-for-money project, to provide data to assist in the valuation, to provide immediate warning of uneconomic operations, to limit the clients expenditure, to achieve balanced design expenditure, to summarize progress and to promote cost consciousness. Difficulties of Cost Control during construction stage are failed to estimate the project exactly, the compilation of project budget has poor reliability, working drawing budget is unpractical, do not follow basic construction procedures and can not control costs, contract is not managed well, irregular management and many changes for project, rise of cost due to unreasonable financing structure and system is imperfect. Factors that contribute to those difficulties are control of labour cost, site Condition, location of site, materials and overheads and profit. It is necessary for management to study the difficulties involved and the factors contributing to these difficulties so that they will design a cost control system that more efficient for a particular project. Chapter 3: Research design and methodology 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, the research methodology used in this research will be discussed. The method of conducting research to achieve the aim and objectives will be reviewed to ensure that all the information obtained is reliable. Among two research strategies that suggested by Naoum (2007), which is Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research, Qualitative Research will be used as the research strategy for this dissertation. The reason to use Qualitative Research is because of it allows the topic being studied to give much valuable answers to questions put to them. Structured interview will be conducted with at least five (5) contractors so that sufficient information can be obtained to proceed with the field work. The interview will be carried out face to face with the interviewee, however, it also may be carried out over the telephone or any other methods like email or webcam. The targeted personnel to be interviewed are contract executive, contract manager or the project manager of the company. Since it is a structured interview, the questions to be asked are presented in the same order and with the same wording to all interviewees. The main objectives of this interview section are to clearly understand the ability of the contractor in cost control and the difficulties that they are dealing with during cost control of project they undertake. While the other objectives are to ascertain the importance of cost control during construction stage with the contractor and last but not least to investigate the factors that contribute to difficulties that they are dealing with during cost control. The interviewing session has the advantage of providing experience or opinion based information for the dissertation. Questions prepared are open- ended questions for the interview so that in-depth information can be collected. The questions are set by referring to the aim and objectives, data obtained will be of the opinions and perception as individual interviewee knowledge and experience of research area. 3.2 Questionnaire Construction The principles that are followed in constructing the questionnaire for the research are as shown in Figures 3.1 below: Research objectives + Literature review Questions Lead to Lead to Issues, topics and ideas Principles on how research objectives are translated into specific questions. (Naoum, 2007) Before constructing the questionnaire, the potential ideas which can be developed into a questionnaire at a later stage are listed out. In order to have the ideas to develop into questionnaire, the research proposal and the literature review is reviewed and all possible questions which are related to the research is written down to obtained the first thought questions. Those listed out question are all based on the aim and objectives of the research. After the first thought questions have been identified, the final questionnaire is constructed by introducing a number of section or categories for the questionnaire and the first thought questions are fitted into these sections. The research questionnaire was divided into two sections in which the first section is to obtain the back ground and information of the interviewees as well as their organization. This is to ensur

Emily Dickinsons My Life Had Stood:A Loaded Gun Essay -- Literature P

Emily Dickinson's My Life Had Stood:A Loaded Gun Emily Dickinson is a poet known for her cryptic, confusing language. Words are often put together in an unusual way and create deciphering difficulties for the reader. But behind all the confusion is a hidden meaning that becomes clear, and one realizes that all the odd word choices were chosen for a specific reason. The poem I will try to analyze is My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun, or number 754. I find this to be one of her most difficult poems to decode. However, I find the images fascinating and the last stanza very confusing but intriguing. What I first thought the poem was about and what I finally came to a conclusion on are two completely different thoughts. Through answering questions on the poem’s literary elements, thorough analysis of the words, and rewriting the poem in my own words, I came to the conclusion that the poem is about a person who was taken on a journey with someone who saw something in her that was unrealized by anyone else, and the narra tor clung to that person through their time together. First, I will take apart the poem in terms of its use of literary elements. The diction of the poem is abstract and vague, in that it’s hard for the reader to easily understand what the narrator is really talking about. Dickinson uses particular, specific words for description: for example, in stanza four, when talking about a pillow the bird Eider-Duck is mentioned. She could have just said a duck’s or goose’s feathers, but she specifically writes Eider-Duck, which I found out is a fowl known for it’s fluffy feathers (hence the appropriate connection to the pillow). Dickinson also uses the word ‘sovereign’ when talking about the woods the narrator an... ... because she was simply too shy to step out—and then one day someone noticed her for the first time and saw all she had to offer. The rest of the poem is about their journeys together and the relationship that builds between the two of them. Maybe it’s the first real relationship with the opposite gender, so she is unsure how to act, and become jealous of the other â€Å"does,† and willing to put him before herself (such as watching over him at night). As shown, Emily Dickinson’s cryptic language and literary elements make for an interesting, yet sometimes confusing, poem. Her words and ideas, mixed with her sense of rhythm and rhyme, work together to produce poetic pieces that are of the highest quality. While the meaning of this poem can be debated—and one’s opinion of the meaning can change over time and with many re-readings—it is still a fascinating piece.

My Native Town

My native town is Mandalay it’s also well-known as a culture city of Myanmar. Mandalay is Upper Myanmar's main commercial, educational, health centre and considered the centre of Burmese culture. Mandalay is Located in the central dry zone of Myanmar and on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River. Its also surrounded by Sagaing Hill, Shan Yoma Hill, Kyut Sae Hill and Mandalay Hill. My native town is the second-largest city and the last royal capital of Myanmar. King Mindon founded Mandalay and the royal palace, Mya Nan San Kyaw as a new capital at the foot of Mandalay Hill in 1857. When it was founded in 1857, the royal city was officially named Yadanabon which means â€Å"The City of Gems†. King Mindon also founded the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Thudhamma Zayats and the library for the Buddhist scriptures. I'm always proud the glory of Mya Nan San Kyaw Palace and Mandalay Kyone. That's a trademark of my native town. Mandalay is famous with the places such as Maha Muni Pagoda, Kyauktawgyi Pagoda, Kuthodaw Pagoda, Shwenandaw Monastery and Atumashi Monastery. Mandalay is Myanmar's cultural and religious centre of Buddhism, having numerous monasteries and more than 700 pagodas. That show my native town is very devout in Buddhist religious. Moreover, Mandalay is well-known in the world by The World's Biggest Book, located in Kuthodaw Pagoda and U Paing Bridge. Most of the famous authors and artists in Myanmar were emerged from Mandalay and they served our traditional culture not to disappear and created new cultural tradition to our generations. Therefore, no matter how much the globalization wave is influenced in Mandalay, Mandalay always has a sense of our Myanmar people's culture and overwhelmed the religious beliefs.

Friend essays

Friend essays Friends maintain immense abandon of sources to develop a good relationship between two people. As we general say friends interpretations must be honesty, straightforward to each other. They should agree each others opinions. They support self-awareness to each other. They dont walk away when troubles come to them but to give them hands. Such civilization of friend identities put my self into a den deeper and deeper. The more I experience the more I recess friends are definitely brutal, deceived and distrustful. According to my empirical of self-esteem in friendship that I have realized friends who take an advantages form each other. They are relentlessly impact their sentiments. They approach you when they need you, but they never regard you when you need them. There are too many evidences that show how and why my friends betrayed me all the time. The next paragraphs will talk about one of my friends. Through out the incidence has occurred me that I am thoroughly assured friends are selfish, distrustful, foolish, and sorrowful. My past memory has frequency consecutively emerged in my brain that my best friend has betrayed me again and again. Since I was in high school that I have met several best friends, one of them are the special one. We went out together, drunk together. Even we shared the money we had. Such of happiness made us even closely like blood brother. We were all well known to each of our parents, because we were intimacy doing things together. Not only this but we also helped each other when there fights beside us. On the year of my age18, when was my last year to graduate from high school. At the same time there also was the high provoking promotion reflected every one to get an opposite partners which we call boyfriends or girlfriends. So I carried this thought to look for one who I got was I like the most, she has a lot of things some other girls dont have. I ...

Personal Response to Getting R

Personal Response to Getting R Personal Response to Getting Rid of George Robert Arthur's story, Getting Rid of George is a good gothic story because of it's various examples of required gothic elements. These requirements include atmosphere, psychological state of mind, mystery, romance, and melodrama. All of these combined make this story a good gothic example.To begin, the setting, at one point, takes place at a dark secludes cabin in the mountains. Evidence of this is found when Harry describes: "It is absolutely deserted up there at this time of year." As well, the disappearance of George to everyone except Laura and Harry adds to the gloomy atmosphere. Again adding to the gloom and terror of the story is the physical exploitation of cruelty shown by Laura when she repeatedly beats George with a statuette until he lay dead on the floor. Mental exploitation of cruelty is also evident when George returns from the dead and blackmails and once again tries to ruin Laura new found life.English: Laura the Marchiones s of Normanby by Will...

Did Black Nationalism hurt or help African Americans pursuit of civil Essay

Did Black Nationalism hurt or help African Americans pursuit of civil rights - Essay Example As far as the rights of African Americans are concerned, this nation is considered the most discriminated nation especially in the South American regions of the United States. There were several political struggles came forward time to time to bring reforms for the protection of civil rights of this group. Black Nationalism was a supporting struggle that expressed the racial awareness among those Africans living in America. The motto of this movement was to ensure the protection of black power. This move greatly assisted the African Americans in pursuing civil rights. The leaders of the movement offered the ways to combat racism. In early 1960s, this struggle became more active and popular in America. This was the year when the move became more advanced and a well known leader Malcolm X, argued that African Americans should focus to improve their lives in order to integrate in American environment in a better way. Black people should also defend themselves against communal difference s. 2. Describe the anti-lynching movement? Who lead this cause, what were their goals and what was the outcome? Anti-Lynching Movement was a popular movement launched to activate and protect the civil rights of the communities living in America. This movement came forward as a reaction against lynching which, basically, involved extra-judicial killings based on racism. Lynching was a very common practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In the years 1890 to 1920, these killings reached at its peak. Extra-judicial killings were practiced to ensure white supremacy especially in the southern parts of America. According to an estimate of Tuskegee Institute, between 1882- 1968, 1297 whites and 3446 blacks were badly tortured and killed due to these racist controversies in America. Goals: The goal of this movement was to end up the violence that was a common practice in US against African Americans. This movement rose from the southern parts of United States. The thrust of the move was to ensure protection for the communal groups and this awareness had to spread among common people through education and legal amendments. It was the aim that the legal actions for communal equality would be made keeping in mind the federal legislation as well. Women played a great role in this movement. Leading Agents of the Movement: This movement was, particularly, leading by different organizations including the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and the Council for Interracial Cooperation (CIC). Wells- Barnett was a great leader and supporter of this campaign. He was a renowned journalist. The brutality of lynching movement revolted so white people also started joining this anti-lynching campaign. Outcomes: Finally, in 1940s, lynching was declined and this was the positive outcome of anti lynching campaign. It is considered the prime battle against segregation and racism that finally took shape in a positive manner. 3. Who was A. Philip Randolph and what was his contribution to African American History? A. Philip Randolph was an African American labor who also led civil rights in United States. He was the most prominent among all other trade unionists that fought for the cause of ethnic equality. Randolph was born in Florida and in 1911; he left Florida and moved to New York. Later on, in very young age he joined Socialist Party. Randolph was a realist approach human and believed that African Americans could never gain political power and could never get political freedom until they would be financially strong. He

Human Factors and Ergonomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Factors and Ergonomics - Assignment Example Suggestions to improve these conditions i. Place study samples of interest onto a table where he or she will work in upright manner ii. Raise the work to a better view where he or he will be aligning with samples to avoid bending head. iii. Avoid bending wrists more than 300 by using in-line appropriate tools when working on things that are lying on flat surfaces. iv. Use low stools especially when he or he is collecting samples but not for a prolonged period. This is to avoid bending of neck. 2. i. Adjustable Driver’s seat and its belt - A person based on an individual’s height is capable of setting both seat and belt such that he or she can hold the steering wheel appropriately without reaching it from behind or operating when it is very close to the chest. ii. Appropriate size of a steering wheel - When negotiating a corner one executes this task with ease without struggling with big or a small steering wheel.

Modern Political Ideologies Seminar Journal Essay

Modern Political Ideologies Seminar Journal - Essay Example During the interwar period, which is considered to be a not so positive time for Conservatism in Britain, the ideology has been seen as inclined towards the defense of class privileges and of the status quo, a negative opposition to Socialism, and a interest centers commercialist approach to the rising Nazi menace in the 1030s (Fair, 1987, p. 549). The difference between conservative ideology and ideational ideologies has led to non conservatives to deny any intellectual content to conservatism which led to conservatives attacking all the other ideologies. In Huntington’s view, both parties are wrong because they have minimized its intellectual significance. He explained that the conservative ideology as an intellectual rationale of the permanent prerequisites of human existence (Huntington, 1957, p. 168). It has a high and necessary function. As a case in point, when a society is under threat, the conservatism acts as a reminder to men of the necessity of some institutions and the desirability of the existing ones. As he had said, conservative ideology is not the absence of change; rather, it is the articulate, systematic, theoretical resistance to change (Huntington, 1957, p. 168). The term conservative ideology is different from one society to the other. For one, the aristocrats are the conservatives in Prussia in the 1820s; slave-owners are the conservatives in the South in the early 1850s while the liberals are considered the conservatives in America and other parts of the world. As seen in history, American liberals have been idealist, lobbying goals of greater freedom, social equality, and more meaningful democracy. Conservatism can also be seen as shaping mechanism of events rather than merely reactionary as can be seen in Disraeli’s foreign policy wherein it focused on the necessity for Britain to act constructively as a moderating and mediating power and to maintain its interest in the whole empire (Rayner 1995, p.

Nanotechnology in Aeviation Essay Example for Free

Nanotechnology in Aeviation Essay †¢Nanotechnology in Aerospace Materials †¢Introduction Figure 1. The aerospace industry is under pressure to improve its environmental footprint, primarily by making aircraft more efficient. Image credit: Bureau of Labor Statistics. †¢There are few industries where the applications of nanotechnology are so clearly beneficial as in the aerospace industry. The primary development goals match almost exactly with the advantages offered by using various nanomaterials in the place of traditional bulk metals like steel. †¢The aerospace industry is one of the most important heavy industries in the world. Countless companies rely on the ability to ship products and people around the world with the speed that can only by achieved by air. The aircraft manufacturing market was worth xxx billion in 20xx, and the bulk of this was accounted for by military spending. †¢Along with this huge economic value, however, comes huge consumption, and one of the largest carbon footprints on the planet relative to the size of the market. For this reason, the major drivers in current aerospace RD are towards lighter construction materials and more efficient engines the overall goal being to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions associated with air travel and air freight. The significant interest in nanotechnology for the aerospace industry is justified by the potential of nanomaterials and nanoengineering to help the industry achieve this goal. †¢This article will review some of the nanomaterials which are already being applied in aerospace manufacturing, and the benefits they can provide. †¢Nanostructured Metals †¢Bulk metals with some nanoscale structure are already widely used in aircraft manufacturing. It is now well known that nanostructured metals exhibit considerably improved properties compared to their counterparts with microscale or larger grain structure. †¢This is particularly noticeable for properties which are crucial for materials used in aircraft primarily yield strength, tensile strength and corrosion resistance, coupled with low density which helps keep the total weight of the aircraft down. †¢ †¢Figure 2. Bulk nanostructured metals exhibit much better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance than their counterparts with larger crystal structures. Image credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory. †¢Polymer Nanocomposites †¢Various nanomaterials have been used as filler materials to enhance the properties of structural and non-structural polymers used in aircraft construction. The most commonly used nanomaterials include nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, nanofibres, and graphene. †¢Carbon nanotubes in particular have been shown to give excellent advantages when used as fillers in various polymers, due to their exceptional stiffness, toughness, and unique electrical properties. †¢Nanocomposites typically have superb weight-to-strength ratios, and enhanced resilience to vibration and fire, making them ideal for use in the aviation industry. The properties of the nanofillers, like the conductivity of nanotubes, for example, can create interesting opportunities for multifunctional materials. †¢The properties of polymers enhanced by nanomaterial fillers are so well-tuned to the requirements of aircraft manufacturers, that they are actually being used to replace some of the metals used in the airframes. This obviously brings along huge weight savings, and often cost savings as well. †¢Tribological and Anti-Corrosion Coatings †¢Another major trend in the materials used in aircraft is towards nanocoatings to enhance the durability of metals. In particular, magnesium alloys, which are far lighter than steel or aluminium, are prone to corrosion, due to the high chemical reactivity of magnesium. Coatings can help prevent corrosion, but the type typically used contain chromium complexes which are a highly toxic pollutant. †¢Materials used for these novel anti-corrosion nanocoatings include silicon and boron oxides, and cobalt-phosphorous nanocrystals. †¢Nanocoatings are also now being used on turbine blades and other mechanical components which have to withstand high temperatures and friction wear. Tribological coatings can drastically lower the friction coefficient and improve resistance to wear this greatly improves the efficiency of the engines. †¢Many nanostructured and nanoscale  coating materials have been suggested as possible friction modifying agents, such as carbides, nitrides, metals, and various ceramics. †¢ †¢Figure 3. The defense sector drives a lot of the innovation in many industries, and aerospace is no exception. High-performance military aircraft require exceptional materials, which will eventually find their way into commercial vehicles. Image credit: Penn State University. †¢Conclusion †¢This is just a brief overview of some of the nanomaterials being used in aerospace. The drive for lighter and more efficient air vehicles has led to the rapid adoption of nanotechnology in aerospace manufacturing. †¢The main roadblock, as with many industries looking to adopt nanotechnology, is caused by uncertainty over the environmental and health and safety implications of these materials. Whilst nanomaterials can often be less toxic than the current materials used, the effects of long-term exposure to these novel materials are still uncertain. †¢The potential of nanotechnology in the aerospace industry cannot be denied, however. Outside of airframe and component materials, nanotechnology applications have been found in lubricants, fuel, adhesives and many other areas. †¢Nanotechnology is also helping engineers to create vehicles with the necessary properties to endure the harsh conditions of space.

The History Of The Internet :: essays research papers

Term Paper: The History of the Internet The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that the government started it. The Internet started out as a experimental military network in the 60's. Doug Engelbart prototypes an "Online System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing editing, email, and so on. The Internet is a worldwide broadcasting resource used for distributing information and a source for interaction between people on their computers. In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. It then expanded to other governmental agencies and then to higher education. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks, which emerged from the research, was known as the "Internet." Al Gore is described as "an advocate of the information superhighway". He helped bring it to our national attention that he invented the Internet. It is not true that he invented the Internet but it is true that he had a small part in its development. Since the early sixties, when Al Gore was still in high school, the development of networking technology had already started. It is true that the Internet has grown and flourished tremendously during Gore's tenure, but that hardly means he caused it to happen. The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The Internet enables communication and transmission of data between computers at different locations. The Internet is a computer application that connects tens of thousands of interconnected computer networks that include 1.7 million host computers around the world. The basis of connecting all these computers together is by the use of ordinary telephone wires. Users are then directly joined to other computer users at there own will for a small connection fee per month. The connection conveniently includes unlimited access to over a million web sites twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. There are many reasons why the Internet is important these reasons include: The net adapts to damage and error, data travels at 2/3 the speed of light on copper and fiber, the internet provides the same functionality to everyone, the net is the fastest growing technology ever, the net promotes freedom of speech, the net is digital, and can correct errors. Connecting to the Internet cost the taxpayer little or nothing, since each node was independent, and had to handle its own financing and its own technical requirements.