How Family with Elders Influence the Asset Allocation of Household - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1708 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Family Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT This paper tries to redo the model from the Bogan’s paper (Bogan,2014) with a more reasonable dataset. Although the data I used is insufficient large, it is convinced to use since the dataset from Bogan’s paper is nearly the same size. The time, however, is 2007 -2009 versus 2011 – 2015, which make more sense considering the financial crisis in 2008. By comparing the result of two different models, I have similar findings regarding having elder person in the household and also the number of kids on holding safe assets and risky assets. 1. INTRODUCTION As we could expect, there are many things could influence the decision of household about the next generation’s education. Despite the main factor would be the difference of their class, the education level or their parents, or the ethnicity/race, there are still a lot of interest factors which could influence the assets’ allocation of the household, especially the educational savings for the next generations. Although it has been researched by Vicki L. Bogan in â€Å"Household Asset Allocation, Offspring Education, and the Sandwich Generation†, household with elder dependent will tend to reduce the risk assets which indicate the reduction of next generations’ education saving, the data set being used is 2007 – 2009, which may cause some effects due to the financial crisis in 2008. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Family with Elders Influence the Asset Allocation of Household" essay for you Create order Intuitively, people would tend to invest more in the safe asset while the expectation of the future is not well. In this case, having elder person in the household will decrease decreases the probability of risky asset holding by 0.129 (over twice as much as the household head having poor health) and decreases college savings account holding by 0.012 (twice as much as the household head having poor health) (Bogan, 2014). The reason I believe the result should not be representative is because the effect of the 2008 financial crisis seems not be considered in the paper. In the contrary, I will try to use the later data set to redo the process. What I expect is during year 2011 – 2015, there will be more representative result to explain what a household with elder person would influence the assets allocation, especially for next generations’ education savings. What I find is quite interesting. The result from those two different databases is very similar which indicates that how people decide the assets allocation of their family is not influence by the financial crisis, or we can say it influenced, but not in a very considerable dimension. From the paper â€Å"The Impact of Skewness and Fat Tails on the Asset Allocation Decision† by James X. Xiong and Thomas M. Idzorek, there should be a different allocation comparing with other time (James and Thomas, 2011), which leads to the idea that why there are two contrary results. The possible reason is the different to define the variables, the different model used and different database. 2. DATA The data I used is the 2016 SCF (Survey of Consumer Finances) which is the most recent survey conducted by the Federal Reserve System. Due to the large amount of questions containing in the survey, the sample size is just 31,240, not many people are willing to answer all the questions. The original data contains more than 5,000 variables, and most of the them is categorized by â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†). The average age of this sample is 52. Only 40 percent of them are categorized as married right now, others may be divorced, widowed or others. Approximately 69 percent of the them have own at least one home. 93 percent of the household holds safe assets, while 30 percent of the household holds risky assets and nearly 3 percent of the household hold education saving account. In the situation I defined in this paper, dependent elder who does not have savings for the retirement or any emergencies and also over 65 years old is 20 percent of the household. The reason I defined dependent elder in this situation is because that over 65, people are more likely to retire and live without any wages. So, people without having any savings for emergencies and retirement would unlikely to solve the problem by his own, which indicates they need depend on someone whom more likely be their children. The variables I used for the final dataset are â€Å"id†, â€Å"age†, â€Å"kids†, â€Å"cgrad†, â€Å"married†, â€Å"black†, â€Å"hisp†, â€Å"employed†, â€Å"loginc†, â€Å"homeown†, â€Å"elderdum†, â€Å"Eexpcos†, â€Å"healthins†, â€Å"nothealthy†, â€Å"safe†, â€Å"risky† and â€Å"eduplan†. Among those variables, â€Å"cgrad†, â€Å"married†, â€Å"black†, â€Å"hisp†, â€Å"employed†, â€Å"homeown†, â€Å"elderdum†, â€Å"Eexpcos†, â€Å"healthins†, â€Å"nothealthy†, â€Å"safe†, â€Å"risky† and â€Å"eduplan† are dummy variables). â€Å"id† is ascending on the year which is 2011 to 2015 and the household who took the survey. Normally, the last number will represent the people and year according to this manner. â€Å"age† represents the age of household head, and to avoid any problems, like people may cross section to be count as different group, we assume the age is same for the last year. In other words, the age appears in the data represent the age of the head of household in 2015. â€Å"kids† represents to the number of children, including natural children, step children and foster children. To define â€Å"cgrad†, we first collect the information from all heads’ education levels, then categorized those levels as four type. (1: no high school diploma, 2: high school diploma, 3: some college or Assoc degree, 4: Bachelor’s degree or higher). Then we took all 3’s and 4’s as 1 in the â€Å"cgrad†, 0 otherwise. â€Å"married† represents the ma rital status of the head of household and we count the first two types as married. (1. Married; 2. Living with a partner; 3. Separated; 4. Divorced; 5. Widowed; 6. Never married). â€Å"black† and â€Å"hisp† represent black or African-American non-Hispanic and Hispanic or Latino respectively. â€Å"employed† represents those who work for someone else not self-employed, partnership with others, retired, disabled or under 65 and not working. â€Å"loginc† represents the log of the household income in previous calendar year. â€Å"homeown† represents whether the household has the house or mobile home. â€Å"elderdum† represents those who are over 65 years old and don’t have savings for the retirement or any emergencies, such like illness, medical or dental expenses. â€Å"Eexpcos† represents that there is a considerable amount savings for the expect cost of children’s’ future or college education. â€Å"healthins† represents those who have health insurance or have saving for future investment. â€Å"nothealthy† represents those who have poor healthy. â€Å"safe† represent all types of transactions accounts (including checking accounts, saving accounts, money market accounts, prepaid accounts and call accounts.), certificates of deposit, bonds (including tax-exempt bonds, mortgage-backed bonds and US government and government agency bonds and bills.). â€Å"risky† represent mutual funds (including stock mutual funds, tax-free bond mutual funds, government bond mutual funds and other bond mutual funds.) and all kinds of stocks. â€Å"eduplan† represents that household has education saving account or 529 plans. 3. MODEL AND RESULTS The model we use is similar with the one appears in the paper I found, but what I do is not only using probit model, but also using logitistic model. I try to explain the result better by comparing those two models and hopefully to have a different result as I expected. The three independent variables are number of kids, whether or not having a remarkable amount of kids’ education expense as dummy variable and the whether or not having elder person in the household as dummy variable. The three dependent variables are holding safe assets as dummy variable, holding risky assets as dummy variable and having education saving account as dummy variable. The control variables are those been shown be influenced in household investment and college savings behavior : log of household income (Bertaut, 1998), total household size (Keister, 2003), a respondent married dummy variable (DeVaney Chien, 2002), a respondent age variable (Yilmazer, 2008), a respondent college graduate dummy variable (Lee Hanna, 1995; Lefebvre, 2004), a respondent employed dummy variable, a respondent managerial or professional occupation dummy variable (Bogan, 2008), a home owner dummy variable (Babiarz Yilmazer, 2001; Lefebvre, 2004), a poor health dummy variable (Rosen Wu, 2004; DeVaney Chien, 2002), a has health insurance dummy variable (Bogan Fertig, 2013), a year 2009 dummy variable, and race dummy variables (Bogan, 2013). For probit model, the reason I use it is that all dependent variables are binary variables. If we use linear regression model, the result will show the model and data doesn’t fit. If we can transform dependent variables into continuous variables, then we take those transformed variables as probability between 0 and 1 as a cumulative normal distribution ?. Then from Y= ?(X? + ?), we can conclude ?-1(Y) = X? + ? or in this case, ?-1(Yit) = ?0 + ktXikt + ?it. Where i refers to safe assets, risky assets and education saving account, k refers to those three dependent variables, and t refers different time periods, which in this case year. By running probit model in STATA, we find out that in this case, the data fits all three probit models very well (the models are statistically significant because the p-value is less than .000). here is the table that summarize all three tables. As we can see from the summary table of probit model, the number of kids will decrease the probability of holding safe assets, while the number of kids will increase the probability of holding risky assets and education saving accounts. (all of them are significant at 0.01 level). Having a remarkable amount of kids’ education expense in the future will decrease the probability of holding safe assets, while the expect education expense will increase the probability of having educational saving accounts. (expect cost for future education expense to hold safe assets is significant at 0.1 level, while having educational saving accounts is significant at 0.01 level). Having elder person in the household will increase the probability of holding safe assets, while having elder person in household will decrease the probability of holding risky assets and having educational saving accounts. (all of them are significant at 0.01 level). To have a better idea about the result, I then choose to use logistic model to enforce the result I have above. The reason I use logistic model rather than logit model is that logistic model is easier to interpret. Since the dependent variables are binary variable with values 0 and 1, if we let p = E(Y|X) then the logistic model would be log(p/(1-p)) = ?0 + ktXikt, where ?0 is the odds ratio of constant, ktXikt is the summation of the odds ratio times three different independent variables. VARIABLES safe risky eduplan kids -0.172*** 0.157*** 1.079*** (0.0422) (0.0370) (0.130) Eexpcos -0.233*** 0.0399 0.491*** (0.0806) (0.0588) (0.117) elderdum 0.373*** -0.553*** -0.973*** (0.0905) (0.0465) (0.160) Constant -11.21*** -6.590*** -7.244*** (0.429) (0.186) (0.435) Observations 30,983 30,983 30,983 Robust standard errors in parentheses *** p

High School Students With Anxiety - 1234 Words

â€Å"You will only need a pencil for this section of the test. When time is up, please close your test booklet and put your pencil down.† I feared these words. I feared any phrases that consisted of the word â€Å"test.† This is the phrase that is used to doom high school students with anxiety early in the morning. This is the phrase that is used to doom high school students with tears and misery. As my testing instructor spoke, my hands became sweaty, my face was dripping with sweat, my stomach was tied in a knot, my body was shivering, and my eyes were weary. I knew what time it was, and I dreaded it ever since. It was time to attempt to accomplish a perfect score on something impossible, rare, and unbearable - the ACT. As the instructor kept talking about the rules and regulations of the ACT, I thought back to the long weeks of studies. These three weeks of studying were the longest weeks I ever experienced. Throughout the three weeks, all I ever thought about was p erfection. I flinch whenever someone would ask me about my day or just wanted to say hi. I shut myself out from the world for three weeks knowing my goal to aim perfection. After shutting everybody out, I realized I had never experienced this terrible, powerless feeling. Previously, school had always been an easy thing for me. I never struggled to receive the grades I received on tests because there was always a curve placed on it. However, it now occurred to me that national tests require hard work, and hard workShow MoreRelatedAnxiety of High School Students1729 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worrying. These disorders affect how we feel and behave, and they can manifest real physical symptoms. Mild anxiety is vague and unsettling, while severe anxiety can be extremely debilitating, having a serious impact on daily life. People often experience a general state of worry or fear before confronting something challenging such as a test, examinationRead MoreAnxiety, Stress, And Frustration1646 Words   |  7 Pages Anxiety in the Classroom It was important to select this topic as a teacher who directly teaches students that have issues with anxiety, stress and frustration every day. Each student is different in the ways that they deal with their emotions. It is imperative for teaching staff to fully understand how each student works in the school setting so that they can help them become as independent as possible. During the research, the writer sought multiple ways to be proactive with students and theirRead MoreTesting is a Large Part of a Childs Live1421 Words   |  6 Pagesare a large part of a child’s experience in school and serve many purposes. Tests range from the high-stakes context of yearly standardized testing mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB; U.S. Congress, 2002) to a variety of classroom tests which serve to monitor student progress as well as drive teacher instructional practices (Salend, 2009). Student test results hold critical implications for all people within the community. For students, their tests scores are used to make importantRead MoreThe Education System Of The United States1174 Words   |  5 Pagesthink about school conditions and the stress pushed upon educators to make what it takes to have a thriving school year. In the United States, the budget for education primarily comes from state and local taxes. Usually, the budget from state and local are not enough, and year after year, many are getting cut. Schools are desperately in major need for additional funding, and they gladly utilize these federal funds as much as they can. Once federal funding is accepted to help these schools, so comeRead MoreEssay On Indicators Of Content Knowledge And Achievement990 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem is not content but the language, then how are these tests providing accurate knowledge from the students whose only limiting factor is a language barrier? Students that are st ruggling with this certain disability are not given a fair chance to demonstrate their true intelligence level. The accommodations given to SWD have not had a significant improvement in scores which leaves students, parents and administrators one question; Do accommodations need to be improved if they are not helpingRead MoreStandardized Tests Should Not Be Mandatory994 Words   |  4 Pagesyears. It is given to students from P-K level to high school and also in many career entrances after college. Standardized test have more negative aspects to students, teachers and families than there positive aspects. Standardized test should not be mandatory for students to take for getting admitted at university or to get to high school. Standardized test should not be mandatory because it takes more class time to get ready for this test, it increases anxiety for students and it also limits theRead MoreWhat is Math Anxiety and What Can Be Done About It? Essay596 Words   |  3 Pages Anxiety is commonly defined as a fear that causes immense amounts of stress. When thinking of anxiety one does not consider it associated with math. However, the idea of math anxiety exists. Unlike the commonly recognized anxiety, math anxiety is not psychological, it is emotional. Anyone that has math anxiety experiences stress or discomfort with math. Some may feel inadequate in their math abilities and therefore avoid math altogether. Others may try but still second guess their math work. MostRead MoreTest Anxiety : Understanding Some Of The Ways1623 Words   |  7 Pagessome of the ways in which test anxiety can develop within students. Imagine sitting in a small coffeehouse with a delicious coffee sitting close by, on a peaceful rainy day. This is the perfect time to stay inside and prepare for an upcoming exam. A large stack of color coded, handwritten note cards are filled with all the information discussed within the class, textbooks and notes are scattered. Hours go by, a great amount of studying and reviewing is done. The student continues to study for severalRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Anxiety On Students1334 Words   |  6 Pagesurban middle school. Students will be from seventh grade and diverse backgrounds. Literature Review Social anxiety refers to an intense fear of embarrassment in social or performance situations. Social anxiety disorder is chronic and debilitating yet often goes unrecognized or untreated. Anxiety in youth is associated with significant impairment in school performance, social functioning, and family relationships (Ginsburg, Becker, Drazdowski Tein, 2012). Children with social anxiety may withdrawRead More The Pass Fail System of Standardized Tests Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasures of how students compare with each other or how much of a particular curriculum they have learned. Increasingly, standardized tests are being used to make major decisions about students, such as grade promotion or high school graduation, and schools. More and more often, they also are intended to shape the curriculum and instruction. Students across America have had to repeat classes because of the way standardized tests are used to pass or fail students. Students have had to rely

Persuasive Essay About School Uniforms - 993 Words

The thought of school uniforms seems like an old-fashioned thing for many of us. Unless a student goes to a private school, it is usually not a topic brought within families. Yet throughout different countries, having school uniforms is normal. Students in schools that are required to have school uniforms usually do well academically and seem content in wearing the same outfit every day for school. In recent times, debates have grown stronger with in schools and parents over whether or not school uniforms are a benefit to the students and their education. When budget becomes a problem the school board usually decides to cut off all ties from incorporating school uniforms. Most parents and students see uniforms as irrelevant and decide to†¦show more content†¦Healthguide.org also states that it’s true that children at school that are in uniform will feel like putting more work than if they weren’t to have uniforms, that they would take their education as a joke. School uniforms show that having them actually help students to have a safer and positive environment and creates a good learning environment. School Uniforms encourage students to become more aware of their learning skills. Students will sometimes feel as though they are not getting the most out of going to a public school. I learned about this opinion that people had this year when I got the chance to meet other students that were coming from both a public and private environment. I never noticed how opinionated students were until I asked one of the students I met â€Å"Did you learn more in a public school without uniforms or in a private a school with uniforms?† . A way that school uniforms create good learning environments is by not having to worry about what they wear on a daily basis. Healthguidance.org states that it’s true that children at school that are in uniform will feel like putting in more work than if they weren’t to have uniforms, that they would take their education as a joke. Studies show that a slight improvement in the grades of students who wear uniforms happens. Without uniforms, students are often focused on what theyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About School Uniforms814 Words   |  4 Pages[Create a Unique Title Here] Many schools have a love-hate relationship with school uniforms: the school loves them, but the students hate them. While many students believe school uniforms are an arbitrary concept, dress codes are actually very beneficial to them, the staff, and the school as a whole. Ever since school uniforms began their reign on public schools instead of private and religious institutes, students have been convinced that school uniforms are meant to stifle their individualityRead MorePersuasive Essay Topics1228 Words   |  5 Pages101 Persuasive Essay Topics By: Mr. Morton Whether you are a student in need of a persuasive essay topic, or a teacher looking to assign a persuasive essay, this list of 101 persuasive essay topics should be a great resource. I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to todays society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24Read MoreSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay by Javairia Haq764 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay At a school, a child wearing a stained ragged-patched up sweat shirt and old tired pants full of disgusting mud stains, she goes to her locker quietly, suddenly after getting out her books, five older students surround her. The oblivious teachers and distracted staff don’t even bother noticing older pupils ridiculing the young girl’s outfit, teasing and tormenting the juvenile girl about her revolting clothes till she criesRead MoreMy Writing : A High School Student994 Words   |  4 PagesAs a high school student, all my writing projects, or essays seemed meaningless. Always following the five-paragraph format, as well as the cheesy â€Å"hook† sentence that I was never good at. Throughout my four years of high school, I never felt my writing was getting any better. Fortunately, in just my first three weeks of college, I feel I have grown more than ever. Receiving more help with my writing, and more feedback than ever before, I’ve grown more confident i n my essays, and expressed my appreciationRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1561 Words   |  7 Pages Casondra Garrison Whetstine Eng. 207 Persuasive Essay 11/02/2015 Students in Secondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers, but it how to get children to realize it’s whats on the inside that matters not the outside. Yes, I believe it starts with the parents, but also it’s schools that need to teach the children as well. It s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many otherRead MoreMy Experience as a Writer1758 Words   |  8 Pagesthe time I reached Elementary school, we learned about the sentence structure and we began making more complex sentences. We also started writing paragraphs and short essays. When I reached Middle school, we began writing longer essays and we learned how to write in more detail. We started learning more advanced vocabulary and different styles of writing. We learned mostly about fiction, non-fiction, and persuasive essays. In my freshman and sophomore year in high school, we discussed the other typesRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Anyons Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work1369 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity are fostered. In social activist and American professor Jean Anyon’s essay â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work†, the relation to social class and the established cycle of education systems is the main topic that Anyon aims to dissect and argue. Through extensive observation research, Anyon studies the behavior and curriculum taught at working-class, middle-class, affluent professional, and executive elite schools and analyses the comparison between each social class based education toRead MoreEqualization of Local, County, and State Funding Systems1339 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Essay: Equalization of Local, County, and State Funding Systems Siria Rivera Grand Canyon University: EDA 535 August 15, 2014 * * Students today face many challenges that we did not encounter in our adolescence. One of the biggest challenges they face is the need for them to evolve into capable civic members in a ever changing and far more complex world than the one we grew up in. Their futures and that of our communities depend on their education. Cutting things like smallerRead MoreThe Famous Last Thoughts Of My Dying Hope For Success1492 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And remember class, your essays are due tomorrow,† the famous last thoughts of my dying hope for success. Ever since writing mo longer became about how well you understood and developed ideas, my progression towards a well published essay slowly rolled down the hill to failure. This could be caused by my lack of discipline, drive to perfection, or my sheer ability to misspell words like misguided, random, and unorganized (which, ironically, are all words that could be used to describe my writingRead MoreTeenagers Are Irresponsible, Em otional, Narcissistic And Ungrateful1370 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibilities that teenagers of the western world just wouldn’t be able to handle. Therefore, teenagers, given the opportunity and just the right circumstances, can make a difference, they can be given large responsibilities and hold to them. It’s all about upbringing and the situation at hand. Raised in part by a wildly conservative stepmother in a time when women having an education in and of itself was taboo, Mary Shelley is a prime example of a young adult that overcame challenges to do something

Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing - 2672 Words

Assignment On Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay History Nike is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. It is the worlds leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008. It employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. The company was founded in January 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Hurley†¦show more content†¦The first shoe to wear the swoosh logo was launched in 1972. In 2006, Nike has also experimented in its advertisements by removing the swoosh altogether amp; Nike written in a new font, and this the old swoosh was toned down a bit. Nike Logo history Products by Nike Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first products were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts, baselayers etc. for a wide range of sports including track amp; field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, Association football, lacrosse, basketball and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes, called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors. In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind. Nike sells an assortment of products,Show MoreRelatedPositioning and Brand Loyalty962 Words   |  4 PagesPositioning and Brand Loyalty Shelane Edie SRM 410: Contemporary Issues in Sports Marketing amp; Management Date: December 03, 2012 This is assignment is to demonstrate and summarize three sports products that have a large or high degree of brand loyalty. Shank, 2009 said, â€Å"Fixing a sports entity in the minds of consumers in the target market. I choose Nike, Spalding and Life fitness gym/sports equipment(s). These sports product(s) that is identify demonstrate high degree of brand loyalty toRead MoreStrategic Analysis Nike1619 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NIKE: Strategic Analysis SUBMITTED TO: AMIT SINHA SUBMITTED BY: Varun Bhatia 191181 FMG 19C Nike’s Global Business Strategy When first founded in 1962 under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports, the strategy was â€Å"to distribute low-cost, high-quality Japanese athletic shoes to American consumers in an attempt to break Germany’s domination of the domestic industry.† Today Nike offers athletic shoes at every marketable price point to a global market. Nike sustains itsRead MoreCompany Business Strategy : Service Marketing Mix Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesStrategy Service Marketing Mix Product: Physical Store Nike’s product includes for both male and female; Running, Training, and Sportswear in store. Online Nike’s product category includes for both men and women; Run, Train, Live, Apparel, Footwear and Equipment. However, for this report, the focus will be on footwear as majority of the products in store is footwear. Place: Physical Store In Singapore, working with local distributor SUTL Group for its Nike Outlet in Singapore. Nike Inc. also sellRead MoreLi Ning Case1297 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Management Group Assignment 1 Li Ning – Anything is Possible Submitted by (Group 18): PGP-11-091 Abhigyan Mundhra PGP-11-097 Aditya Narang PGP-11-102 Anant Damle PGP-11-133 Parag Aggarwal PGP-11-141 Prerna Lotlikar PGP-11-148 Ramya V. Supraja Is this company successful? Yes, the company is successful. And it is well envisioned and positioned to convert its opportunities into strengths. For Li Ning, itsRead MoreCreating Customer Value1348 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Assignment: How does an organization create customer value? Description Marketing is one business function that deals with customers. Creating customer value and satisfaction is at the heart of modern marketing thinking, concepts and practice. ThisRead MoreEthics, Intellectual Property, And Piracy1379 Words   |  6 Pagesa new marketing slogan. Nike, for example, came up with the iconic â€Å"Just Do It† campaign in the late 1980’s. The term was copyrighted by Nike in order to protect its right to use the slogan and to prevent other businesses from using this slogan to market its products. Without copyright protection, the impact of the marketing strategy could be adversely affected since everyone associates the slogan with Nike products. If other business were allowed to use this slogan as well, the marketing campaignRead MoreInternal Analysis Of Equipment Division At Nike Essay2077 Words   |  9 PagesAssignment #2: Internal Analysis I have completed an internal analysis of the equipment division at Nike through focusing on product differentiation as their generic business strategy. In an effort to fully view the current state, pertaining to competitive advantage, a VIRIO analysis was examined based on a handful of resources and capabilities. After reviewing the 12 bases of differentiation, Nike’s equipment division focuses primarily on product features, consumer marketing, reputation, linkagesRead MoreMarketing Plan For Brand Building2111 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: BRAND BUILDING Assignment 1: How Brands are built Name Institution BRAND BUILDING 2 Assignment 1: How Brands are built Part1. Proposal Apple Incorporation Overview Apple Inc. plans, produces, and markets versatile correspondence and media gadgets, PCs, watches, and convenient advanced music players around the world. The organization likewise offers related programming, administrations, frill, organizing arrangements, and outsider advanced substance and applicationsRead MoreThe Impact of International Business on the World, Questions and Answers1107 Words   |  4 Pagesbrought in from different corners of the world. Some have the perceptions that international business only impoverishing the country and not making the country richer. This is because the society did not realize that if they had no international marketing going on,their life everyday will be even worse than they could ever imagine. 　　This report will discuss the impact of international business have on almost every nation and every human on this planet. QUESTION 1 　　Companies with fancy productsRead MoreUnder Armour: Shoe Marketing Analysis1966 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Name† â€Å"Course â€Å"Assignment† â€Å"College† â€Å"Instructor† 2 Abstract In this paper, I will be explaining the marketing approaches that Under Armour shoe division is taking in competing against rivals competitors in the shoe division, its approach and initial take on expanding into the field, also some key factors in different marketing approaches and direction it’s heading in. I will be discussing concepts used regarding corporate image and brand management and integrated marketing communications, finally

Strategic Financial Analysis

Question: Write an essay about the ARM holding group. Answer: The ARM holding group is exposed to price risk on equity securities on its financial assets. The funds for such ventures are limited to the order , so that any potential decline of the value of the investment on its financial terms would not be substantial. Default risk is nothing but the uncertainties associated with the ability of the firm to meet its contractual obligations. Companies needs to manage their risks exposure and one of the methods of assessing the default risks is by using option pricing method. In this model, market information from option which motivated the transformation of profitability ratios, leverage ratios, and business risks are used to assess the default risks. The measures of financial performance have been used in a binary probit regression so as to examine the context of information and to estimate the default probabilities (Cont and Kokholm 2013). In the option pricing model, equity is considered as the as the call options on the companys assets. Shareholders or equity holders would have the right but not the obligation to purchase the assets of the firm by repaying debt to debt holders. The default probability of the firm and the market value of the equity is derived analytically by making assumptions regarding the risk free rate of interest and the value process of the firm. Let us consider a company with say, asset value A and a capital structure including equity S and a debt with zero coupon D maturing at time T. if now at time T, the market value of assets exceed the debt value that is , if A D, equity holders needs to exercise their options and make the repayment of debt. The debt holder would get D amount and the residual value would be obtained by the equity holders that is (A-D). on the other hand, if the market value of assets A, does not exceed the value of debts D, then it would be preferable for the equity holders to let the option expire by defaulting on the promised payment amount of D and exercising the right of limited liability,. So there would be two pay offs of either zero or ( A-D ) that is , the pay off would be. The dividend would be paid to the equity holders before the maturity of debt. The market value of equity would be derived using black schools model. The parameter that is the volatility of assets capturing the risks is not known . the volatility could be assessed using historical data. Now , we need to obtain the probability that the option of defaulting would not be exercised by the equity holder and it would expire. It is depicted as a function of the distance between the face value of debt which has been adjusted for expected growth in relation to the asset volatility and maturity period of debt and the market value of the assets of the firm. In this, the risky asset value does not take into account risk free rate . the expected return on the assets needs to be substituted for risk free rate of interest so as to convert the neutral risks to actual probability default. The difference between the actual probability default and the risk neutral gives the risk premium which is require d by the investors on the part of risks associated with default (Fan and Mancini 2012). The risk of loss when there is default and the timing of risk default, both are reflected in the risk premium. In the conventional approach, the financial performance characteristics such as efficiency, profitability, adequacy of cash flow, liquidity and leverage are pre identified. This theory uses a set of accounting based measures. For assessing the default risk, univariate discriminant analysis is performed on a number of financial ratios. The independent variable is weighed and score of multivariate probability is generated. The option pricing model has a limitation of predicting the default probabilities. Option pricing suffers from the disability of generating sufficient statistics . on the other hand, only statistical knowledge is required for the implementation of traditional model . the accounting information is extracted from the financial statement which appear either quarterly or annually and they suffer from deficiency of the reliability of accounting information as they are subject to accounting practice that are creative. The probability measures seems to be overstated and leads to be biased in managing the default risk. This issue was solved by the introduction of option pricing theory which uses a probit analysis in managing the default risks (Ji and Zhou 2015). So it can be concluded that default probabilities which are estimated from the option pricing method is considered to be having explanatory power in when it comes to assess the default risk as compared to the accounting based measures. Though it suffers form the disability of generating sufficient statistics so both the measures are combined to form a hybrid model of measuring the default risks. Coupling the accounting information with the market information would solve the issues. There seems to exist a significant and positive relationship between the financial performance and the corporate governance. A firm which is better governed are relatively more valuable, more profitable and is capable of paying more cash out to its shareholders. Some of the corporate governance factors which are associated with good performance are independence of nominating committee and government committee which meets annually, progressive practices , director educations and many more. The director and senior management of ARM holding follows the code of business conduct and ethics and they are required to act honestly and in a fair way. The business model of ARM is designed in such a way that the impact of its operating activity has a very low impact on communities and human rights. The governance framework of ARM holding is built around three pillars that is : Internal control framework Assurance of independence Organization processes and the corporate governance framework are in accordance with the financial compliance which is monitored through audit testing every year. This would help in maintaining good relationships with the shareholders and would form an optimism for the company that the investors would be willing to make investment in the company Good governance is expressed through a variety of factors accountability, reliability and predictability and it depends upon the member of the business of their ability to exercise their power and over time they are able to make good governance. In order to ensure the well being of the business several mechanisms are adopted by the senior management in order to safeguard the interest of the stakeholders. These mechanisms play an important role in improving the performance of the firm. A company with a better corporate governance is related with better marketing valuation and operating performance . there are many variables of standard and good corporate governance which effects the performance of the business such as size of board, CEO ownership , and board independence (Flammer 2015). Corporate governance include various programs and activities which enhances the financial performance of the company. Enabling a good social governance by being socially , economically responsible has attracted many investors , however the benefits derived from these does not provides the investors with superior returns. Good governance and financial performance has appeared to be a virtuous circle and it exhibits that the company having good governance exhibits good financial performance. Good managerial performance has also been said to be related with the good financial performance. It has been found that the companies having strong rights for shareholders tends to have lower capital for cost of equity. A company with good corporate governance would be able to reduce the agency problems between the management and stakeholders and this would result in increased or good financial performance. The business would be benefitted in the form of stocks performance which would be positive in the long run along with the certificate of quality management. A good managerial practice lead by the team of senior management experts would improve the bottom line of the company. In order to ensure a necessary balance of power between the stakeholders, effective corporate governance is needed. The financial reporting system would be able to disclose more reliable information if the corporate governance is effective .A good corporate governance would influence the motivations of managers towards the practice of financial reporting. The effectiveness of the boards and senior management would be promoted by previous by various attributes such as power, knowledge , information which in turn would influence corporate financial performance (Ameer and Othman 2012). The variables on which the financial performance is judged is liquidity, capital adequacy, asset quality and earnings. Corporate governance in general is influencing about 45 % of the financial performance of the companies. A good corporate governance involving the transparency in disclosures of the relevant items helps in strengthening the corporate governance principles which would help in building trusts with the stakeholders especially the investors or shareholders who park their fund by investing in the company. The integral parts of corporate governance include disclosure, trust and transparency which would have a great impact in improving the financial performance (Hassan and Ahmed 2012). A corporate governance survey carried out by price Waterhouse cooper, many investors are prepared to pay premium for companies which has practices of good corporate governance. Framework of corporate governance and financial performance : In the above chart, we can see that how the financial performance is related to the factors and which include macro economic variables and the financial transparency , trusts and disclosure which forms a part of good corporate governance. A good corporate governance also ensures that there is an effective channel of information for disclosing the information to the stakeholders. The expectation of stakeholders by using a strategic direction can be attained through corporate governance. Poor financial performance is alleged with the doubtful corporate governance (Daily et al. 2015). If a good corporate governance which ensures transparency to its various stakeholders such as regulators , public, and equity holders would survive with a high capital adequacy ratio and better return on net worth. So a good earning would come form a good corporate governance. Other contributor which ensures financial performance is the openness and reliability of the financial reporting system as a part of good corporate governance (Tang et al. 2012). References Edmonds, T., McNair, F. and Olds, P. (2013).Fundamental financial accounting concepts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Fan, J. and Mancini, L., 2012. Option pricing with model-guided nonparametric methods.Journal of the American Statistical Association. Farshadfar, S. and Monem, R., 2013. Further evidence on the usefulness of direct method cash flow components for forecasting future cash flows.The international journal of accounting,48(1), pp.111-133. Financial accounting. (2012). London: BPP Learning Media. Flammer, C., 2015. Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach.Management Science,61(11), pp.2549-2568. Hassan, S.U. and Ahmed, A., 2012. Corporate governance, earnings management and financial performance: a case of nigerian manufacturing firms.American International Journal of Contemporary Research,2(7), pp.214-226. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Artiach, T. and Howieson, B., 2013.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Ji, X. and Zhou, J., 2015. Option pricing for an uncertain stock model with jumps.Soft Computing,19(11), pp.3323-3329. Jones, S. and Aiken, M., 2015. Evolution of early practice descriptive theory in accounting.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, p.91. Kabir, R. and Thai Minh, H., 2015. Does corporate governance shape the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance?. Kemp, R. and Waybright, J. (2013).Financial accounting. Boston: Pearson. Kundakchyan, R.M. and Zulfakarova, L.F., 2014. Current issues of optimal capital structure based on forecasting financial performance of the company.Life Science Journal,11(6s), pp.368-371. Luo, X., Wang, H., Raithel, S. and Zheng, Q., 2015. Corporate social performance, analyst stock recommendations, and firm future returns.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), pp.123-136. Madura, J. (2012).International financial management. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Propasal For Quality Development Healthcare-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Propasal For Quality Development Healthcare? Answer: Introduction: It is human nature to complete any task with the shortest methods and by spending the last time on the task. Healthcare professionals are no less and therefore these activities often lead to many adverse as well as legal complicacies. These actions may lead to or be a result of at risk behaviors (Carayon et al. 2014). Often at risk behaviors taken by the health care practitioners result them in compromising the patient safety. Due to the immediate benefit they get, they fail to look at the harm they are exposing the patients to harm and making them risk their lives (Graban 2016). As these behaviors often result in saved time, convenience and comfort, the perceived benefits of taking shortcuts gradually tend to make the healthcare practitioners more exposed to making it a habit. Often the most harmful effects ha are noticed in the hospitals due to his at risk behaviors of the professionals are medication errors (Van Bogaert et al. 2014). Medication errors mainly take place when nurses follow improper routes of drug administration, improper application of medicines without seeing the expiry work or without even seeing the names properly, improper timing of the medication administration, overdose or under dose of medications and many others (Laschinger 2014). Hence, due to all these errors caused by the nurse either due to at risk behaviors or due to ignorance of taking their profession seriously, the main sufferers are the patients (Tourangeau 2016). As a result the quality of care provided is compromised and even the patients have longer hospitals stays, poor health and overflow of resources. Available knowledge: Medication error is found to be one of the main reasons which harm the quality of the care which is provided to patients. Often nursing professionals and the doctors who tend to provide medication to patients are the main people who are responsible for the blunders. Different types of errors are noted any researchers over time which not only increases the risk of the lives of patients but also tend to increase their status in hospitals and sufferings (Hall et al. 2016). Some of them are the inappropriate crushing as well as slicing of the medication, in adequate use of fluids and also improper food and antacid ingestion with medication. Others include incorrect administrations of neutral fluids, expired or incorrect medication administration and also under dosing or overdoing of medication. Moreover misdiagnosis and incorrect prescription use and also incorrect duration and frequency of medication make the patients vulnerable to danger. Researchers have stated that many of the errors can be avoided by paying attention as well as strictly adhering to instructions that were told to them during their training courses. Often besides at risk behaviors as one of the major factors for medication errors, others have been also noted like the facilities being understaffed, lack of experienced workforce and certified nurses, exposure to huge workload, burning out due to job stress and many others (Burston, Chaboyer and Gillespie 2014). Some other organizational flaws include improper monitoring bodies, falling short of standards due to resource allocation., inappropriate provision of help to newcomer nurses, lack of proper policies , lack of medical equipments and many others (Auer et al. 2014). Therefore, in order to get over the all the barriers and provide a quality and safe care to patients, modification of hospital organizations and work environments are extremely important. Rationale: A governing body would be applied to action that would be in charge of the first intervention which would be bringing an overall change of the work environment. These would be structured by including management and leadership; proper workplace deployment, work processes as well as organization culture which would promote the environment of safe medication administrations the second intervention would be allocating experienced senior nurses in the ratio of 1.10 who will mainly be monitoring the ways by which nurses are providing medicines to patients (James 2013). They will be mainly allocated to note down the skills of the nurses and to look over how to develop the skills for better administration. Thirdly, there should be allocation of the nurses in teams which would comprise of a manager, two senior nurses and four junior nurses along with enrolled nurses. The manager would be mainly helping in developing a teamwork spirit among the healthcare professionals. Research shapes that of ten working in a team boosts up the spirits of those who show at risk behaviors or those who are morally not confident. Teamwork increases collaborative work which in turn helps them to learn from each others mistakes and develop skills and knowledge. Fourthly, training classes should be introduced and a groups of trainers would be allocated who would mainly provide importance to incorporating evidence based practices o the nurses sp that they can easily take the help of evidences whenever they are confused or whenever they are in dilemma of following a medication plan of a patients. Fifthly, the higher powers of the organization mainly of the directors and Ceo should encourage and take initiates to encourage a vulture of safety (Johnson et al. 2014). By the term, one means maintaining a the product of the individuals as well as group values, attitudes, competencies, patterns as well as proficiency of the health and safety p[programs. Often both individuals and team motivation and s atisfaction develops and atmosphere where those who are lagging behind develop the capability t try their best to overcome their false and negative aspects and emerge out with right sets of skills and knowledge s. Researchers have shown that organizations with positive safety culture always remain guided by mutual rust and shared perceptions of importance of safety and confidence in different error preventing strategies. Specific aims: Appoint a governing team who will mainly develop the work place environment with the placements of correct types of employees with the bets skills and the knowledge so that the changes of administration error can be cut out from the very beginning. Allocation of senior nurses who will closely monitor the nurses during their medication administrations schedules to observe their skills and help them by advancing them for better options if available. They would also check whether anyone is showing at risk behaviors. Teamwork should be initiated o encourage a safe administration procedures Training classes will be arranged with efficient trainers which would be held tri monthly. Development of a culture of safety which would be influenced by the higher power officials. First interventions: The first intervention would be to develop a governing body who will help in maintaining the workplace environment which will in turn promote a sage practice in administration of medications. They would mainly report after researching the environment about the perceptions of the nurses and other professionals and at the same time will give ideas about how to overcome the present adverse dissatisfactions among professionals. They will also note down the issues that the nurses are facing in maintaining safe practice. These committee would recommend changes after reasrching the environement in important domains like management and leaderships, workforce deployment, work processes, and organizational cultures (Starmer et al. 2014). Hey will minly stress upon important factors when they would recruit new members like effective decision-making that values the contributions of nurses, appropriate staffing that matches skill mix to patient needs, effective, skilled communication, true collab oration that is fostered continuously, meaningful recognition of the value of all staff and also authentic leadership where nurse leaders are committed to a healthy work environment and engage everyone (Haw, Stubbs and Dickens 2014). They will mainly be responsible for initiating an environment where safe practice of medication administration would be the very core. The main persons who would be forming his committee: Eminent healthcare researchers with specialization of management and leaderships in healthcare sectors. Recruiters of the HR departments who will themselves have the degree of nursing Senior officials of the wards who will be co-judging the capabilities of the new entrants. The second intervention is allocating senior nurses who will be assessing the skills of the registered and enrolled nurses junior to them and also at the same time will be providing them with valuable suggestions about how to develop their skills. Moreover, they would also provide help to any nurses who come for heir guidance (Ausserhofer et al. 2014). The main individuals who would be allocated are: Senior nurses who are more than 10 years experienced Senior nurses who are specialized in medication programs of patients. The third intervention would be creation of teamwork and collaborative approaches should be implemented. The main help of working in teams would be that those with at risk behaviors would be encouraged by their colleagues to withdraw the behaviors and becoming more responsible. Moreover, working in teams increases enthusiasm to work much better when all other are excelling in the professionals. Moreover it also creates a collaborative environment where the weak professionals would be helped by their mates and the more skillful professionals always come forward and help others to overcome their barriers. Clinicians working in a team will be making few errors when they will be working together, utilize well planned as well as standardized processes, know team members as well as their own responsibilities . They would also be monitoring their colleagues work performance which will reduce chances of errors. The persons who will be appointed Team leaders who would have degree in management in healthcare and also have nursing license Senior nurses who will mainly be promoting the culture of teamwork by proper task allocation Junior nurses and nursing students who will be conducting the medication practices. Managers who will be monitoring the entire process. The fourth intervention would be o conduct training classes not only for at risk students but for all the nurses trimonthly. Besides, training the at risk behaviour showing patients of all the legal issues which might harm their career, it also becomes important to make every professionals know the recent trends that are followed and how they could use different new methods to cut down their medication errors by using the evidence based journal articles (Wheeler et al. 2013). This would help them to develop their skills and also to remain up to date about recent trends. The person would be allocated are Trainers who have years of experience in handling nursing professionals Coordinators who will be scheduling the classes and will be deciding the content of discussions Managers who will be monitoring the entire training workshops and will eventually report any discrepancy or absenteeism The fifth intervention would be to develop a culture of safety in the hospitals. This would require a strong as well as committed leadership by the executives, hospitals staffs and also hospital boards. His would mainly involve essential elements of effective safety culture which include commitment of leadership to safe as well as empowering, engaging all staffing in ongoing vigilance (Chukmaitov et al. 2015). These would be done by nonhierarchical decision-making, constrained improvisation, rewards and incentives, communication as well as communication. The important things which would be incorporated are reporting culture, flexible culture , learning culture and wary culture with just culture. The important people would be The board of directors The staffs working hospitals The managers appointed Study of interventions: Proposed approach chosen for assessing the impact of the intervention(s): A monitoring body will be allocated with the chief officials as well as the quality analysis head officials who will conduct a research mainly based on observational study of the workplace environment, the complaints lodged in the five months and also the skills which have developed over the months. They will visit every wards randomly in different days and note down the complaints and also monitor the skills. They will interview the nurses and note down their own perceptions of the impact of the interventions. Moreover patient feedback forms would also be analyzed to develop an idea about what the patient think about their safety concerns and how were they related by nurses (Westbrook, et al. 2015). These would also give an idea about the impact of the interventions on safe practices of medication administrations. Proposed approach to be used to establish whether the observed outcomes are due to the intervention: The best approach which will help to study the impact of the interventions would be to conduct a survey on the perception of the patients with the safety they experienced in medication administration. For this a pre-intervention as well as post intervention surveys should be conducted. The first survey would help in knowing the patients views and perceptions before the interventions are proposed and the second survey would be 5 months after the interventions are produced. These would help us in indentifying the changes which have taken place and also help know the domains that still require more modifications (Weng et al. 2015). Proposed measures: The first approach would require proper observational study which would be conducted by the committee appointed. They would interview the patients after the intervention to know how they like he present services. He nurses would be interviewed to know how they are getting accommodated to the changed environment and how they now perceive their progression. Their perceptions are necessity to consider the interventions are successful or not. Observational study of the working environment will help them to note down both the positive changes and the negative aspects that get noted. For the second approach, the patients who are admitted to the hospitals would first be taken surveys before the interventions are laid. The surveys should be kept in proper storage. After five months of the interventions, the present patients would be again asked the same questions. Their answers would be compared. Following the answers, decisions would be taken by the heads and accordingly new modified interventions would be introduced if needed (Anzai, Douglas and Bonner 2014). Proposed analysis: He observations noted by the researchers would be jotted down on a piece of paper and then sequentially arranged in to positive aspects and negative aspects. All the positive aspects would be further proposed for continuing the same interventions. The main reason and cause of the negative aspects would be identified and the interventions that resulted in negative aspects or in failure of the achieving of goals would be modified by them. After discussion, new interventions would be proposed. Form the interviews, coding would be done separately from the patients and that of the nurses. Following repeated codes which are frequently reflected would be taken into considerations and would be made into proper written documents and circulated among the board members to discuss the interventions and its efficiency (Vaismoradi et al. 2014). For the pre-intervention and post interventional studies, the survey results will be statistically conducted and the results will be analysis eventually. Following the results, it would be possible to come to a conclusion that whether the interventions had brought positive results or still more work is needed. Ethical consideration: Cases should be taken that the data of the interviews are not leaked. Maintenance of confidentiality as well as privacy should be maintained. Care should also be taken that no participants are forced to participate in the study. Moreover they would also not be forced to answer any questions that they are not comfortable with. The documents should properly be signed by the participants so that no legal obligations arise later. While conducting the surveys and interviews, the main study would be described in details and no information should be kept in darkness. These would cut down the chance of legal obligations (Kalisch and Xie 2014). Limitations: As observational study in the first approach should be conducted and therefore there might be high chance that the healthcare professionals become careful and properly provide medication to patients. Hence in that case, assessment of skills for nurses would not bring out the best effects. Moreover, as interviews would be conducted, there is also high chance of biasness as the interviewers would be form nursing fields only. In the second approach, as the post test would be done after 5 months, therefore time constraints are greater barrier. Budget may also be a high constraint as two intensive approaches have been proposed for quality analysis. Conclusions: Medication error is one of the most important issues that has been deteriorating the quality of care provided to patients by the healthcare professionals. Often at risk behaviors of professionals, work pressure, shortage of nurses, lack of support from higher authorities, confusions due to inexperience and many other remain the main factors, therefore interventions like changing of workplace environment, allocation of senior nurses and monitoring bodies, teamwork and collaborative approach, training sessions and maintaining a culture of safety all would help to change the scenario and develop safe practices in medication. Different researches would be conducted to test the interventions and according to the findings, further decisions would be taken. If the interventions become successful, culture change in workplace are possible which will develop the quality of the care provided by nurses and will in turn help to develop the reputation of the organization. References Anzai, E., Douglas, C. and Bonner, A., 2014. Nursing practice environment, quality of care, and morale of hospital nurses in Japan.Nursing health sciences,16(2), pp.171-178. Auer, C., Schwendimann, R., Koch, R., De Geest, S. and Ausserhofer, D., 2014. How hospital leaders contribute to patient safety through the development of trust.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(1), pp.23-29. Ausserhofer, D., Zander, B., Busse, R., Schubert, M., De Geest, S., Rafferty, A.M., Ball, J., Scott, A., Kinnunen, J., Heinen, M. and Sjetne, I.S., 2014. Prevalence, patterns and predictors of nursing care left undone in European hospitals: results from the multicountry cross-sectional RN4CAST study.BMJ Qual Saf,23(2), pp.126-135. Burston, S., Chaboyer, W. and Gillespie, B., 2014. Nurse?sensitive indicators suitable to reflect nursing care quality: a review and discussion of issues.Journal of clinical nursing,23(13-14), pp.1785-1795. Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T.B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A.J., Hundt, A.S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R. and Gurses, A.P., 2014. Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety.Applied ergonomics,45(1), pp.14-25. Chukmaitov, A., Harless, D.W., Bazzoli, G.J., Carretta, H.J. and Siangphoe, U., 2015. Delivery system characteristics and their association with quality and costs of care: Implications for accountable care organizations.Health care management review,40(2), pp.92-103. Graban, M., 2016.Lean hospitals: improving quality, patient safety, and employee engagement. CRC press. Hall, L.H., Johnson, J., Watt, I., Tsipa, A. and OConnor, D.B., 2016. Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: a systematic review.PloS one,11(7), p.e0159015. Haw, C., Stubbs, J. and Dickens, G.L., 2014. Barriers to the reporting of medication administration errors and near misses: an interview study of nurses at a psychiatric hospital.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(9), pp.797-805. James, J.T., 2013. A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care.Journal of patient safety,9(3), pp.122-128. Johnson, A.L., Jung, L., Brown, K.C., Weaver, M.T. and Richards, K.C., 2014. Sleep deprivation and error in nurses who work the night shift.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(1), pp.17-22. Kalisch, B.J. and Xie, B., 2014. Errors of omission: Missed nursing care.Western Journal of Nursing Research,36(7), pp.875-890. Laschinger, H.K.S., 2014. Impact of workplace mistreatment on patient safety risk and nurse-assessed patient outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(5), pp.284-290. Starmer, A.J., Spector, N.D., Srivastava, R., West, D.C., Rosenbluth, G., Allen, A.D., Noble, E.L., Tse, L.L., Dalal, A.K., Keohane, C.A. and Lipsitz, S.R., 2014. Changes in medical errors after implementation of a handoff program.New England Journal of Medicine,371(19), pp.1803-1812. Tourangeau, A.E., Giovannetti, P., Tu, J.V. and Wood, M., 2016. Nursing-related determinants of 30-day mortality for hospitalized patients.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(4). Vaismoradi, M., Jordan, S., Turunen, H. and Bondas, T., 2014. Nursing students' perspectives of the cause of medication errors.Nurse Education Today,34(3), pp.434-440. Van Bogaert, P., Timmermans, O., Weeks, S.M., van Heusden, D., Wouters, K. and Franck, E., 2014. Nursing unit teams matter: Impact of unit-level nurse practice environment, nurse work characteristics, and burnout on nurse reported job outcomes, and quality of care, and patient adverse eventsA cross-sectional survey.International journal of nursing studies,51(8), pp.1123-1134. Weng, R.H., Huang, C.Y., Chen, L.M. and Chang, L.Y., 2015. Exploring the impact of transformational leadership on nurse innovation behaviour: a cross?sectional study.Journal of nursing management,23(4), pp.427-439. Westbrook, J.I., Li, L., Lehnbom, E.C., Baysari, M.T., Braithwaite, J., Burke, R., Conn, C. and Day, R.O., 2015. What are incident reports telling us? A comparative study at two Australian hospitals of medication errors identified at audit, detected by staff and reported to an incident system.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(1), pp.1-9. Wheeler, D.S., Geis, G., Mack, E.H., LeMaster, T. and Patterson, M.D., 2013. High-reliability emergency response teams in the hospital: improving quality and safety using in situ simulation training.BMJ Qual Saf, pp.bmjqs-2012.